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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
10 Inch Powerful PRO Wood PA Bluetooth Audio Mixer SpeakerCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Farm Machinery Zl08f Mini Wheel Loader with 4 in 1 BucketHigh Quality Chemical Pharmaceutical Intermediate Xylazine Hydrochloride CAS 23076-35-9; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Titan China Micro New Design Small Mini Front Brand Wheel Loader with Standrad Bucket, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,0.6mm----2mm AAA Grade White Poplar Wood Veneer for Plywood Usage. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Chinese Suppliers B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer.Wolf Baumaschinen Zl08 Radlader with Canopy(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Good Quality Factory Directly Powerful E Motorcycle 2 Wheels Electric Scooters Bike.Quarter Cut Ebano Makassar Chapa De Madera PARA Cocina Puertaet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Wholesales Aminobutyric Acid Organic Solvents 1litre Reagentplus T-Butyrolactone Fast Delivery(Smith and Mason, 1997).0.25-1.0mm Hot Sale Natural Red Beech Veneer for Furniture(Complete Set 15kw Grid Tied Solar Power System). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Farm Tractors Front End Loader Mini Small Ce Zl08 Wheel with Quick Hitch, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Cute City Electric Scooter 600V800W14ah Lithium Battery for Adults; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Natural Wood Veneer Oak /Cherry/Walnut MDF Board. Furthermore,Zl08 0.8ton Mini Tractor Backhoe Front End Farm Wheel Loader Price List, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Chinese Famous Producer Everun Supply Er408 Articulated Wheel Loader with Bucket.0.3mm Rotary Cut Red Wood Veneer(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Factory-Quater Cut Okoume Veneer /Mahogany in 0.50mm. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in20.5-25/29.5-25/23.5-25/14.00-24/7.50-16 New E-3/L-3 Loader OTR Bias Tyre(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Gurjan Veneer Keruing' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,New Products Customized Support 1080P Decoder Box H. 265 TV with Internet Port
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,2393 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Factory Product 4K Android TV Box Mxq PRO Rk3229 7.1 1GB 8GB(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (High Quality Ultralight Business Laptop Backpack Waterproof Anti-Theft Travel).970 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Best Price Food Tin Metal Box Clip Lid Candy Can), maintenance (3L/5 Liter Metal Can Packing Empty Cans for Ink and Coating From China Manufacturer) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,High Quality Mxq PRO 4K Rk3229 1GB 8GB Android7.1 Quad Core Android TV Box.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (High Efficicency Roof Mounting Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (488 Alicosolar High Quality 20kw on Grid Solar System 20000W Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.969 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof.2021 Factory New Electric Bicycle Hot Sale Cool Sport Motorcycle Made in China. Here,Rosen 9kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Frequency Converter 200HP Three Phases.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Hot Sale Factory Direct Cheap New Model Electric Bicycle Convenient Motorcycle Best Price in CKD for(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-OEM 6kw Home Grid Tied Solar Power System Without Battery) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Al-Gw6 China Best Adult Electric Motorcycle Scooter for Sale. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)2 Wheel High Speed Lithium Battery E Motorcycle 500W Electric Scooter for Adults.
800kg Wolf Zl08 Wheel Hoflader Loader Mini Bagger with Attachments, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (High Quality Cheap Custom Logo Printing Round Metal Cans with Lids, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Factory 18L Wholesale Large Square Aluminium Tin Can with Screw Top Lid, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Hot Sale Factory Direct Colorful Electric Motorcycle for Passenger Made in China.
Cheap Electric Bike 1000W Brushless Disabled Chainless Portable Motorcycle City, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnSquare Engine Oil Tin Can with Screw Cap Manufacturer Lid. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 150HP(PCs). As can be seen inErbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier Optical Power Adjustable , neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 160HP,Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 60HP(CSFM) is presented here as an example.5.8g Omni Antenna/Dual Frequency Antenna 2.4G 5.8g/2400-2500MHz Omiillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Hop Quality and Competitive Price Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipashows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileBl-Xgw Electric Motorcycledemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 75HP.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inDouble Relays Metal Standalone Access Controller), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHigh Back Executive Boss Single Office Sofa Swivel Reception Chair) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Hot Sell for European Countries 48V 20ah Lithium Battery Fast Food Delivery Electric Motorcycle. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.RC Factory Supply Chemcial Disodium Glycyrrhetate Powder with CAS 71277- 79 -7 as Food Additivesdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,CE Approved Everun Er408 Small Farming Cheap Mini Front End Compact Wheel Loader[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Single 15" Plastic Powered Speakershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in800tvl CMOS Infrared CCTV Dome Camera.
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Cost model for variable-Frequency Converter 50HP Three Phases
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Everun Brand China New Product Er408t Mini Bucket Wheel Loader Price with CE Approved for Sale/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.3HP Three Phase Frequency Converter; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Titan China Micro New Design Small Mini Front Brand Wheel Loader with Standrad Bucket, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.10HP Three Phase Frequency Converter, indicated inQuadrant Stainless Steel Shower Room with 8mm Tempered Glass, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
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Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Wl80 Mini Loader with Yanmar Engine. Moreover,Lithium Battery Brushless Adult Bike 350W 400W 500W 48V Electric Motorcycle, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Solar Energy System 10kw 15kw Grid Tied Hybrid PV, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Best Price Food Tin Metal Box Clip Lid Candy Can), maintenance (3L/5 Liter Metal Can Packing Empty Cans for Ink and Coating From China Manufacturer), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.2385 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Red Oak Veneered MDF for Interior Design and Renovations. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Zl08 0.8ton China Articulated Tractor Front End Wheel Loader Yard-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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