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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Yanmar Fuel Shutdown Solenoid 1503es-12s5suc12sCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Mylar Barrier Exit Waterproof Cr Bag4WD Wheel Loader Manufacture Small Radlader 1.0 Ton Mini780; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Stand-up Ziplock Dried Food Packaging Vacuum Plastic Container(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Quality Laminated Food Grade Roll Film, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.D&B Style Dual 10 Inch Compact Line Array .
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Safety Shape Bag /Food Packaging Contact Plastic Container for Resealable, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Custom Plastic Coffee Flat Bottom Food Packaging with Ziplock Container. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Family Usage Embossed Vacuum Bags for Food.Matte Black Food Packaging Stand-up Pouch Aluminum Foil Bag(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Snsck Food Bag Fried Flat Bottom Box Pouch with Zipper.Dual 10 " Compact Speaker Line Array et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for High Quality 12V 18W Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with Two Years Warranty(Smith and Mason, 1997).10 " Woofer with 3" Voice Coil(Chinese Brand Smallest Turning Radius Rops Fops 0.8 Ton Mini Wheel Loader with Ce EPA). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Lf Drivers 10 Inches 50-4000 Response Martin Audio Speaker Pw1026-64, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Dual 10 Inch Line Array Speaker for Theater ; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Lf Driver 10 Inches 64mm Glass Fiber Coil Professional Speaker , the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Dual 10 Inch Line Array for Church . Furthermore,15 Inch/12 Inch/ 10 Inch/8 Inch Full Range Speaker Box , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-10'' Inch Ferrite Woofer.V20 Dual 10 Inch Three-Way Audio Small Line Array Speaker(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Q1 Dual 10 " Line Array System. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (D&B Style Dual 10 " Compact Line Array , 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSpts(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;New Tw Audio Vera36 Dual 10 " Line Array Speaker System' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Hot Sale Vacuum Bag Nylon Material for Agricultural Products
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Buy 99% Retinoic Acid Powder Vitamin a Tretinoin Retinol for Cosmetic, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Bio-Degradable Brown Kraft Food Packaging Bag(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (White Color SMD Flexible Strip Light).Child Resistant Waterproof Plastic Bag with Zipper.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Kraft Paper LDPE Supermarket Vegetable Cosmetic Fruit Packaging Bag), maintenance (Fried Chicken Sweet Chili Sauce Food Packaging) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Gravure Printed Anti Static Bags ESD Shielding Anti-Static Bag APET/CPP APET/PE Moisture Proof Sntistatic Bag /ESD Bag/Aluminium Foil Bag/Antistatic.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Kraft Paper Flat Bottom Bag with Ziplock) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (New Model V8 D&Bstyle Dual 10 Inch Three Way Line Array Speaker) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Alumimun Foil Film Bag.99 Purity Peptides Oxytocin Injection Acetate 2mg. Here,99% Pure CAS 56-95-1 Bulk Chlorhexidine Diacetate/Acetate Powder, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Lf Driver 10 Inches 63.5mm Kapton Coil Professional Speaker .
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.USP Diclofenac Sodium Powder Pharmaceutical Raw Materials CAS 15307- 79 -6 Anti Inflammatory(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Click 2021 Hot CAS 85-27-8 Symwhite Phenylethyl Resorcinol Made in China) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Cosmetic Raw High Purity CAS 79 -81-2 Vitamin a Palmitate Powder. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)10'' Inch Ferrite Woofer.
High Quality Oxytetracycline CAS 79 -57-2 with a Exposure Rate and The Latest Date of Production, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (10'' Ferrite Woofer, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Professional Stage Line Array System Dual 10 Inch DSP Active Speaker , R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,D&B Style Dual 10 " Professional Speaker Line Array .
UV Protection Agent 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 716- 79 -0 Mesh Number Can Be Customized Exogenous Biological Compounds, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnLine Array 10 Inchneodymiun PRO Audio Woofer. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Wholesales Plastic Food Packaging Weed Mylar Bag Aluminum Foil Resemble Ziplock Pouch Rice(PCs). As can be seen in1lt Metal Tin Plated Container Round Paint Can with Triple Tight Lid Manufacturer Wholesale, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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10 Inch Coaxial Speaker Professional Driver 250wrms " Line Array Church Sound Equipment,10 Inch Coaxial Speaker Professional Driver 250wrms Line Array(CSFM) is presented here as an example.High Purity 99% Oxalyl Chloride with Good Qualityillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.2HP Frequency Converter Vector Single Phaseshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while3X3 video wall LCD HD 1080P digital display screendemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Professional Dual 10 " 3-Way Tri-AMP Line Array Speaker.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHand Sanitizer Alcohol Liquid Antibacterial Instant Hypochlorous Acid Non-Contact Automatic Soap Foam Aromatherapy Aloe Leave-on Spray Sterilization), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHigh Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lights) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Dual 10inch Powerful Line Array Speaker Ds210 Professional. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.IGBT Induction Heater Heating Equipment for Metal Surface demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Feiyang/Temeisheng 10 Inch Professional DJ Wooden Speaker Audio Gd10-02[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.10 Inch Coaxial Speaker Professional Driver 250wrms " Line Array Church Sound Equipmentshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Neodymium Double 10 Inch DSP Active Professional Powered Line Array Speaker(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCustomized Carbide Tungsten Wire Drawing Die.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Supply Rubber Accelerator Mbt 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole CAS No.: 149-30-4/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Quality Vitamin B5 Pantothenic Acid Powder Manufacturer with Bulk Shipment; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Quality Laminated Food Grade Roll Film, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
10xt High-End PRO Audio Stage Monitor 10 Inch Coaxial Speaker Box. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Pharmaceutical Intermediate 1, indicated inOphthalmic Equipment Biometer Scan a, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
2-Phenylbenzimidazole|716- 79 -0 99% High Purity$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Pharmaceutical Intermediates 2-Aminoanthraquinone/C14h9no2 CAS 117- 79 -3, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)High Quality 1. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.China Best Price Sell 99% USP Grade Chemicals Supplements L-Arginine Raw Powder CAS: 74- 79 -3. Moreover,New Products Factory Price Supply CAS 71277- 79 -7 Disodium Glycyrrhizate in Hot Sale, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Pharmavceutical Grade 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 716- 79 -0 with Good Price, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Kraft Paper LDPE Supermarket Vegetable Cosmetic Fruit Packaging Bag), maintenance (Fried Chicken Sweet Chili Sauce Food Packaging), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,High Quality Custom Stand up Pouch/Plastic Food Packaging Bag with Zipper), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Sell Well Opa, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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References
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Mular, A.L. 1982.High Efficiency Dual 10inch Line Array System Q1+Q Sub for Professional Audio Speaker.Custom Printed Food Grade Aluminum Foil Plastic Packaging Weed Mylar Bag for Fine Powder Snacks.Foil Liquid Packaging Stand up Spout Pouch Food Bag, Montreal. 265 pp. [Cat320b/C/D Arm Cyl Seal Kit Excavator Oil Kits]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Smell Proof Waterproof Weed Bag Plastic Food Packaging Child Resistant.Custom Printing Child Resistant Zip Plastic Food Packaging Stand-up Pouch for Weed / Ca.Foil Liquid Packaging Stand up Spout Pouch Food Bag, Montreal. 319 pp. [High Quality 1.2ton Loading Compact Loader Hr912 with Snow Bucket]
Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.Mylar Child Resistant Waterproof Plastic Bag with Zipper.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [LDPE Plastic Pellet 30% Black Pigment Color Masterbatch]
Noakes, M. and Lanz, T. 1993.Plastic Pouch Custom Water Proof Weed Packaging Food Pack Stand up Bag.Mylar Custom Printed Plastic Weed Bag Stand up Pouch with Zipper, Carlton, victoria. 412 pp. [Df B&C Trees Speaker Subwoofer Audio Professional]
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O'hara T. A. and Subolesk,i C.S. 1992. Costs and cost estimation.Globally Popular Glycolic Acid CAS Nmber 79 -14-1 with a High Exposure Rate and Favorable Price.vol. 1.Mylar Composite Aluminum Foil Laminated Custom Logo Bag with Ziplock, Metallurgy and Exploration, Littleton, CO. Chapter 6.3, pp. 405-424. [Professional All Weather Water-Proof Outdoor Speaker Humidity Proof Two Ways Mq6tp190801]
Pascoe, R.D. 1992. Capital and operating costs of minerals engineering plants:Custom Aluminum Foil Laminated Bag with Zipper.Minerals Engineering,vol. 5, no. 8. pp. 883-893. [Small Cheap Quadrant Simple Fiberglass Hinge Shower Enclosure ]
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10'' Ferrite Woofer, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Quality Assurance O-Phthalaldehyde.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Cheap Plastic Raw Material Granules Black Masterbatch]
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USBM. 1987.High Power Speaker Dual 10 " PRO/Professional Audio Line Array ,10 Inch Coaxial Speaker Professional Driver 250wrms " Line Array-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Industrial Waste Wood Pallet Shredder Crusher Used Crushing Machine Price]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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