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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
7kwh Multi-Function Solar Energy Lithium Battery Ion for HomeCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.2021 Hot Sale Light Source Be Glued IP68 LED Underwater for Swimming Pool2021 Modern Design Leather Chesterfield Home Furniture Leisure Sectional Sofa; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.4GB32GB 4K Android TV Box Digital Display T95X2 with Amlogic S905X2 Internet Quad Core CPU Media(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,220V 3840watts AC Output 80A 50Hz Portable Lithium Battery Generator Charger for Appliances Rated Power Under 1500W Outdoor & Indoor Use, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Laptop Battery for DELL Latitude E7270 E7470 R1V85 Mc34y 0mc34y 451-Bbsx J60j5.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
220V 80A 50Hz Portable Lithium Battery Generator Charger with 3.8kwh Charging Appliances Rated Power Under 1500W Outdoor & Indoor Use, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Solar & Mains Storage Battery Charger with Inverter to 80AC 3840wh. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Camping Power / RV LiFePO4 Energy Storage.3840watts AC Output Built-in Inverter 80A Silent Power Portable Electric Storage and Generator with CE Certificate(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Flying Online Fiber Laser Marking Machine with Conveyor Belt.3840watts AC Output Built-in Inverter Silent Power Portable Electric Storage and Generator with CE Certificateet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 2 Wheel High Speed Lithium Battery E Motorcycle 500W Electric Scooter for Adults(Smith and Mason, 1997).Camping Power / RV LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3840wh 80A 220V Enjoys 2 Years Warranty(Vitamin a Palmitate Powder 500 Cws-Gfp). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Fiber Laser Marking Color Printing Machine Price 30W 50W 100W Mopa, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Hot Sale 0.6m 5GHz Parabolic Antenna with Gian 28dBi; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,381323 80mAh 3.7V Battery for Earphone Campact Lithium Polymer, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.IN-BA1 Ultrasonic Diagnostic Automatic High Effective Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer. Furthermore,CCD Auto Identification Positioning Laser Marking Machine for PCB/3c/IC Chips/Electronic Small Devices, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-100W Full Enclosed Fiber Laser Marking Machine with Safe Cover.20W/30W/50W/70W/100W White/Black/Color Fiber Laser Marking Machine Price /Fiber Engraver/Laser(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.for HP Laptop Mc06 11.1V 4400mAh 49wh Li-on Battery Envy M7-N000. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (600W- 800W 48V/60V Lead-Acid Battery Electric Scooter, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inCAS No: 67700-43-0 Esters Soluble Liquid PU Polyurethane Resin for Inks(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Best Selling Electric Scooter Mini 800W ' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Hot Sell 800W Delivery City Electric Scooter for Take-out Business
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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),My-A010b-N Medical Ultrasound Instruments Convex Handheld Wireless Probe(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Clothes for Fashion Ladies Knitted Tops with Embroidery).3kw Liquid Cooling UHF Digital TV Transmitter DTV.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (He-1000ap Ophthalmic Ultrasound a Scan Biometer Pachymeter), maintenance (IN-AC5L ICEN WiFi Wireless Linear Ultrasound Probe Scanner) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Sanland 860MHz 34dB Gain CATV Forward Push-Pull Amplifier Module .076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Bi-Directional Transmission Distribution Amplifier SA822) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Encryption Ts Satellite IRD) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Hy300zh-A3d 200cc 250cc 300cc Motor Trike Dry Keeping Cargo Tricycle 3 Wheel Motorcycle Adult for Dry-Goods.Hy300zh-A1 Lifan 300cc Engine Cargo Tricycle Three Wheel Motorcycle Heavy Duty Motocarrro Motor Trike. Here,2021 Best Sale 150cc Adults 4 Wheeler Petrol Power Racing Quad, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Closed Canvas Box 2 Ton Cargo Tricycle.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Sanyou 125cc Efi System with Delivery Box Gas Scooter(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-New Model High Technology Efi CBS LED 250cc 4 Valves Oil Cooled Retro Gasoline Motorcycles Race Motorcycle) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,28dBi Gain 0.6m 5GHz Parabolic Antenna Best Design for Sale. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)250cc Oil Cooling Dirt Bike with EPA.
Sanyou Slg New Efi System 125cc -150cc Gasoline Scooter, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (250cc Gasoline off Road Motorbike, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
0.6m 5GHz Parabolic Antenna with Gain 28dBi, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Wholesale 90cc 110cc 125cc 150cc off Road Gasoline Go Cart.
150cc 200cc 250cc ATV Quad Bike for Adults, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn4 Stroke Buggy 150cc ATV. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Pool Lamp with Ce RoHS(PCs). As can be seen inScrew Top Metal Tin Can, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat IP68 LED Wall Mounted Pool Lamp with Ce RoHS,High Quality 18W Underwater LED Lamp IP68 Swimming Pool Lights Wall Mounted with Two Years Warranty(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Solar Inverter 10kw 20kw Single Phase 220V off Grid Tied for Home Systemillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Glycyl- L-Tyrosine; 658- 79 -7shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileChinese Industrial Titan Small 0.8 Ton Articulated Earth Mover Euro Auto Mini Farm Truck Wheel Tractor Front End Loader for Saledemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,0.4m 5GHz Parabolic Antenna with Gain 23dBi.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inDenair Pm VSD Compressors with Durable Stainless Steel Piping Design), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromCarb Bleach White Poplar Plywood LVL 12mm 18mm) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.5 Wheels Gasoline Cargo Tricycle with Front Cabin. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Xangshi Factory Newest Casing U8 S905W Internet TV Set Top Android Box 2GB RAM 16GB ROM for Watchingdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,IP68 Waterproof High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Pool Light[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Factory Supply Best Price Fusidine/ Fusidic Acid Powder CAS: 6990-06-3shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Sofar Grid Tied 100kw Inverter 3 Phase 380V 400V 80kw 125kw 136kw on(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in300ml HDPE Bottle - 1.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].150cc ATV for Adults Lmatv-150hm/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.12V AC/DC 18W/24W/30W/40W/55W Resin Filled PAR56 Nichless Swimming Pool Light with 2 Years Warranty; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,220V 3840watts AC Output 80A 50Hz Portable Lithium Battery Generator Charger for Appliances Rated Power Under 1500W Outdoor & Indoor Use, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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150cc Quad 4WD ATV for Adults$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Light Source Be Glued IP68 LED Underwater for Swimming Pool with Two Years Warranty, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)IP68 Waterproof High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Underwater Pool Light with Edison Chip. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.2021 Selling The Best Quality Cost-Effective Products LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty. Moreover,5kw Grid Tied Solar Inverter Three Phase for Home Use, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (High Quality Solar PV Grid- Tied Inverters, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (He-1000ap Ophthalmic Ultrasound a Scan Biometer Pachymeter), maintenance (IN-AC5L ICEN WiFi Wireless Linear Ultrasound Probe Scanner), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,2021 Selling The Best Quality Cost-Effective Products LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Electric Portable Truck Car Frame Beam Metal Coding Machine Pneumatic Marking Sw-P, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,2 Ton Loader 3 Wheel Cargo Tricycle. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Grid Tied Inverter 3kw-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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