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4K 2K Indoor P2/P2.5/P2.976 HD LED Display Wall Screen
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
PA Filler Masterbatch for Injection MouldingCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150p249Steel Grade Nitrogen 20.5% Ammonium Sulphate; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Polythene Plastic Sheet Making Machine(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Jwell-Jwell-PVC Plastic Rigid Transparent Sheet Thickness 0.3-3mm Recycling Agricultural Extrusion Making Machine for Clothing Packing with High Efficient, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Quality Cow Poultry House Farm/ Greenhouse Ventilation Fan Made in China.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
1HP/2HP/3HP/4HP/5HP Shrimp Pond Fish Farm Aerator Air Ring Blower, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160p3125q. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Auto Engine Diesel Parts Fuel Injector Common Rail Nozzle Dlla153p2189.Xft- 710 Axial Flow Fire Extinguisher Fan(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla155p274.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla153p049et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 1L Metal Resealable Selable Paint Tin Cans for Glue and Chemical Use(Smith and Mason, 1997).Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla155p273(Professional Dual 15" Multi-Purpose Speaker). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla154p332, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla154pn006; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,High Quality Nickel Alloy Monel 400 , the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Tsp Trisodium Phosphate/ CAS No.: 7758- 79 -4/Anhydrous/Na3po4. Furthermore,Disperse Violet 63, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Skycron® Disperse Violet 1/2R 100% Fabric Dye for Polyester.Disperse Red 11 or Brill Pink 4bn(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.94% Sodium Tripolyphosphate STPP CAS No: 7758- 79 -4. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Skycron® Disperse Violet 63/RL 200% Color Dye For Clothes, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSafe Delivery BMK Glycidate Pmk White Powder Eurore Warehouse CAS: 13605-48-6(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Flame Retardant Ammonium Polyphosphate ' names:
►Pigment Violet 23 Liquid: based on 36-foot,Asapp-II Ammonium Polyphosphate for Intumescent Paints ,Water Treatment Softener Dibasic Sodium Phosphate 97% Powder CAS No.: 7558- 79 -4,Indissolvable Ammonium Polyphosphate CAS No. 68333- 79 -9, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Sodium Phosphate Dibasic CAS No 7558- 79 -4
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Detergent Grade Sodium Tripolyphosphate 94% CAS No: 7758- 79 -4, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Boring Machine Tools Micro Head F1type CNC Heads Set(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (3ton agriculture use telehandlers like Dieci Xgmg).Straight Shank Collets C16 C20 C25 C32 Collet Chuck for Power Milling.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (High Precision Milling Bt30 Tool Holder Collet Chuck for Lathe Machine), maintenance (94% Sodium Tripolyphosphate STPP CAS No: 7758- 79 -4) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Supply Ammonium Polyphosphate APP .076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Sdc Shrink Collet Chuck Toolholders for CNC Machine Part) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Nickel Based Alloy W. Nr 2.4819 Hastelloy C276 Uns N10276 High Temperature Steel Round Flat Bar) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.UNS NO2200 Nickel Plate.Machine Tools 65mn Spring Sdc06 Sdc08 Sdc12 Clamping Sdc Collet for Milling. Here,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla148p591, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Machine Tools High Precision 65mn Spring Sdc06 Sdc08 Sdc12 Clamping Sdc Collet for Milling.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Diesel Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160pn141(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Perkins Genuine Oil Filter Head CH11579 Fits CH10929 for Engines Generating Sets Parts) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel System SD265 Nozzle. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Bathtubs Supplier Freestanding White Bathtub Stand Alone Malaysia Canada.
Vat Violet 13, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Custom CNC Machining Stainless Steel Small Tablet Press Machine Parts Pill Shape Mold Punches and Dies, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Solvent Violet 9 , R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,CAS 81-48-1 Solvent Violet 13 for Dyestuff Powder.
Inconel X-750 Forged/Forging Round Bars , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnFactory Price Hot Selling Massage Swimming Pool SPA. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Laswim Swim SPA Endless Swimming Pool Whirlpool Bathtub(PCs). As can be seen inWilson Parts Eim Module Engine Interface Control 258 -9753, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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HDPE Plastic Geomembrane Sheet Making Extrusion Machine,Jwell- PP PS Plastic Environmental Protection Sheet Recycling Making Extrusion Cup Machine Production for Green Food Container and Packaging Good Price(CSFM) is presented here as an example.2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reportsillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag Eco Friendly Clear Beverage Liquid Packagingshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileE0 Glue1250*2500mm Wenge Engineer Veneer for Decorationdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Uns No6600 Inconel600 Steel Plate.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inSimple Style Concise Linear Pendant Lamp Restaurant Bar Office), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHigh Quality Motorcycle Parts Cam ) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Alloy Inconel 625 Nickel Strip . The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla140s64fdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 148pn306[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Best Quality Skin Care Pure Tretinoin 302- 79 -4shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Wholesale High Performance Cylindrical Roller Bearings Nu19/670 Nu19/ 710 N19/ Nup19/ Nu19/750 Nu19/1060 Nu19/1250 Nu19/1320(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHair Accessories.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Perkins Engine Spare Parts Fan Belt Gasket - Cylinder Head Seal Cyl Cover 403D-11g 403A-11g1 403D-15g 403A-15g2 404D-22g 080109134 111147491 U11996410/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Zys Rolling Mill Bearing Four Row Taper Roller Bearings 3810/ 710; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Jwell-Jwell-PVC Plastic Rigid Transparent Sheet Thickness 0.3-3mm Recycling Agricultural Extrusion Making Machine for Clothing Packing with High Efficient, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Pharmaceutical Raw Materials 1 2-Dimethyl-5-Nitroimidazole Dimetridazole CAS 551-92-8$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Trimethyl Cis, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Fast Delivery High Purity Benzaldehyde 100-52-7. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Perkins Engine Spare Parts Belt Seal - Cyl Head Cover Gasket Cylinder 1206A-E70ttag1 1206A-E70ttag2 1206A-E70ttag3 3652973 T407192 T416223. Moreover,Swimming SPA Pool Hot Tub Combo, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Zhejiang Province Acrylic Standing Alone Bathtubs, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (High Precision Milling Bt30 Tool Holder Collet Chuck for Lathe Machine), maintenance (94% Sodium Tripolyphosphate STPP CAS No: 7758- 79 -4), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Rofessional 21 Speed Mountain Bicycle 26 Inch New MTB), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Perkins Genuine Cyl Head Assy , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Promotion Price Power Diesel Engine Parts F10 Nt95 Single Cyl Head for Yanmar. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Chinese Heavy Truck Diesel Engine Pump Cylinder 161500137712-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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