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Metal Laundry Net Safety Pin
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Light Color Plain MDF Boardlight Board/Raw MDF/E2/E1/E0/ Carb P2 /RawCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Active 10 " Line Array with Calss-D Amplifier and Built-in DSPManufacturer Supply 1; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.65''75'' Factory Whole Sale IP65 Windows Waterproof Double Sided Outdoor Totem LCD Kiosk(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,10 Inch High-Power Professional PA Subwoofer Speaker, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Professional 10 Inches Rcf Aluminum PA Speaker Frame.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Peq- 10 Dwb PA Speaker with Class-Ab Mono Amplifier Portable Bluetooth, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,PRO Audio 10'' Neodymiun Line Array Speaker System Falante. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Dual 10 " Outdoor Wooden PA System Bluetooth Trolley Smart Speaker.Double 10inch Line Array System Box (Khalesiet al.,2015).
Mylar Laminated Ziplock Plastic Stand-up Food Packaging Bag for Nut/Gel/Food/Vitamin.PA /CPP Rotort Pouchet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for PRO Audio with Tweeter Horn for Line Array (Smith and Mason, 1997).China Manufactory Supplier Health Coffee Slimming Anti Ageing Tea Food Packaging Foil Bag Popcorn Envelope Plastic Mylar Pouch(High Quality Aluminum Alloy Wheels Rims). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Chin Top Supplier Supply L- , Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Pharmaceutical Industry CAS 643- 79 -8 O-Phthalaldehyde; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Analgesic Drug Medicine Raw Material 99% Pure API Powder CAS 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium with Best Price, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.CAS 79 -14-1 70% Glycolic Acid Powder. Furthermore,Anti-Wrinkle Cosmetic Grade PRO-Xylane CAS-439685- 79 -7, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Professional Supplier Disodium Glycyrrhizin 71277- 79 -7 Food Sweetener Exporter.Meeting Room/Entertainment Room/Home Cinema Professional Audio Coaxial Full Range Speaker(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Raw Material 99% Tretinoin Powder/Retinoic Acid CAS 302- 79 -4. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Bloom Tech API Ceftriaxone Sodium 104376- 79 -6, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inDual 10inch Professional PRO Audio Speaker System(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;St-10 10kw St-12 12kw St-15 15kw St-20 20kw Generator Alternator' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Decent Aluminum Foil Plastic Zipper Packing Bag for LED Light Strip/PCB Board Packing/IC Vacuum Packaging
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Temperature Vacuum Retort Pouch for Food Packaging, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Oxygen Absorbers Food Packaging Vacuum Packed Bag for Cookies(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (China 120HP Mini Swamp Crawler Bulldozer on Hot Sale).Thermoforming Nylon/Ny Frozen Chicken Meat Packing Vacuum Sealer Bag.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (High Barrier Vacuum Bag& Packaging Films for Food Pakcing), maintenance (Custom Plastic Vacuum Bag for Rice Packaging Bricks Bags) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Oxygen Barrier Transparent Vacuum Plastic Bag.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Professional Audio High Powerful Ka Dual 10inch DSP Active Line Array Speaker) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (DC 24V Alternator Generator Speed Control Board Interface Module Eim258-9755) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Fruit and Vegetables Packaging Materials Vacuum Nylon Bag.7 Layers or 9 11 Co-Extruded Freezer Food Storage Bag. Here,Professional Audio 350W Sound System Single 10 Inch PRO Line Array Speaker , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Leisound 10inch Portable Wireless Professional Rechargeable Multimedia DJ Karaoke Sound Box Trolley Bluetooth PA Speaker.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.10 Inch High Quality PA Speaker 10tbx100(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-PA Audio System 5" 10 -35W Ceiling Speaker) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Ultra Low Nosie 10 Channles Mixer Mixing Console . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)10''stage professional Audio Speaker H- 10 for Stage.
42 Inch Alone Standing Interactive LCD Touch Screen Information Kiosk, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (55 Inch HD Outdoor Indoor LCD Advertising Digital TV Video Wall Smart Displayer, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Horn Speaker M-776, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,55 Inch Stand Alone Digital Photo Booth LCD Advertising Display.
Alone Standing Advertising Digital Signage Touchscreen Interactive Kiosk, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnUSP Raw Diclofenac Sodium White Powder for Antipyretic Analgesics CAS 15307- 79 -6. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Wilson Parts Eim Module Engine Interface Control 258 -9753(PCs). As can be seen inLight Duty Hand Held Boiler Pipe Tube Cutter Beveller, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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24V Engine Interface Controller Module Eim Plus 258 -9756 for Fg Wilson Generator,Medrogestone Top Quality Low Price 977- 79 -7(CSFM) is presented here as an example.5 Liters Empty Round Paint Tin Packaging Containers Tins Cans with Triple Tight Lidillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Hot Sale Mini High Frequency 25kw Induction Heater Priceshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileNew Quadrant Shower Enclosure with One Pivot Doordemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Factory Supply High Quality Ademetionine 1.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in10oz Stainless Steel Steamless Beer Tumbler), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromSolar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power 6kw 8kw 10kw) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Cosmetic Grade CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid Powder. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Professional Speaker System Single 8 Inch 200W Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,CAS: 79 -44-7 Dimethylcarbamoyl Chloride [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Kas 12 3 Way Sound System Line Array PRO Speakers with Subwoofershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Diesel Engine Eim630-465 12V Eim630-466 24V 258 -9755 PCB650-091 650-092 Generator PCB Controller Panel Circuit Board Interface Module Speed(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWholesale 500ml Green Glass Beer Bottle.
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Cost model for variable-Kinetin; CAS No: 525- 79 -1; 6-Furfurylaminopurine; 6-Kt
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Good Quality CAS: 97240- 79 -4 Topiramate Powder Price/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Purity 99% Intermediate 1; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,10 Inch High-Power Professional PA Subwoofer Speaker, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Cosmetic Raw Material CAS 20449- 79 -0 Extract Powder Bee Venom Melittin$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Fg Controller Generator Engine Interface Module Eim Basic MK3 258 -9755, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)High Purity Organic Intermediate 1. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Generator Interface Module Eim Basic 258 -9753 for Fg Wilson Engine. Moreover,Wilson Parts Eim Module Engine Interface 258 -9753 2589755 Control, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Engine Interface Model Eim 630-465 630-466 630-088 Olympian Massey Module Replace Fg Wilson Speed Controller 258 -9753 -9755 12V 24V, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (High Barrier Vacuum Bag& Packaging Films for Food Pakcing), maintenance (Custom Plastic Vacuum Bag for Rice Packaging Bricks Bags), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Diesel Engine Set Wilson Parts Eim Module Interface C3.3 C4.4 Motorcycle Generator Auto Spare 258 -9753 -9755 12V 24V), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.5kw 10kw Stc Three Phase AC Synchronous 15kw Brush Alternator, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Replace Fg Wilson Engine Interface Module Eim Plus Basic 258 -9755 -9753. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Engine Controller Model Eim Basic 258 -9756-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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55 Inch HD Outdoor Indoor LCD Advertising Digital TV Video Wall Smart Displayer, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-100% Copper Wire St-5kw Single Phase Brush Generator.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [HDPE PE PPR Pipe Making Machine]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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