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Calcium Chloride High Quality Dihydrate Prills
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Coconut Shell Carbon Charcoal Making Machines Production LineCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag High Quality Matte Surface Aluminum Foil Stand up Body Scrub2021 New Machine Grade CO2 Laser Marking with a Discount; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag Eco Friendly Clear Beverage Liquid Packaging(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Hot Selling Best Price 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium Powder, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.RC Factory Supply Chemcial Disodium Glycyrrhetate Powder with CAS 71277- 79 -7 as Food Additives.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Thiosemicarbazide CAS 79 -19-6, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,O-Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,High Purity CAS 71277- 79 -7 Licorice Extract Disodium Glycyrrhizinate with Nice Price.PRO Audio 2-Way Dual 10inch Line Array System Q1+Q Sub(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Pharmaceutical Diclofenac Sodium CAS 15307- 79 -6 for Anti-Inflammatory Painkillers.1-Bromo-3et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for New Products Factory Price Supply CAS 71277- 79 -7 Disodium Glycyrrhizate in Hot Sale(Smith and Mason, 1997).Low Price 4(969 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)High Purity CAS 64318- 79 -2 Gemeprost, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Ziplock Dog Food Bag with Bottom Gusset; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,High Quality Glycolic Acid/ Hydroxyacetic Acid CAS 79 -14-1, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Custom Printed Food Grade Ziplock Packing Bag. Furthermore,Biodegradable PE 3 Side Sealed Food Vacuum Pack Transparent Plastic Bags Packaging for Frozen Ny Container, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Laminated for Coffee Foil Cookie Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom-Made Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Zipper Exit Container.Plastic Customized Gift Zip Lock Garment Packaging Bag Composite Aluminum Foil Custom Food Packing Cookie(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Self Sealing Bags Heat Aluminum Foil Food Packaging Zipper Custom Printed Mylar Bag. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (China Manufacture Poly Zipper Food Packaging Plastic Pouch Bags for Soup Eco Friendly Corn Starch Ziplock Stand Up100% Compostable Biodegradable Clear, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inNitrogen 21% Crystal Shape Agriculture Fertilizer(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;10 Active Full Range Stage Sound Loud Speaker System Audio' names:
►Two Way 10 " Mini Portable PRO Audio Active Loudspeaker PS10: based on 36-foot,Outdoors Professional/PRO Audio Speaker ,Dual 10 " Two Way PA Power Line Array Speaker,Professional Speaker System Single 10 Inch 300W Mini Stage Monitor PS10r2, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Single 10'' Two Way Line Array PRO Audio
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Double 10 Inch Line Array PRO Audio , blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Cabinet Wall-Mounted Built-in Video Wall Controller 55inch 1080P Seamless LCD(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Amaz OEM New Design Slim Frame Television 49 Inch Smart TV LED).Samsung 55inch Ultra Thin 1.7mm 700 Brightness 2X3 3X3 Video Wall Solution.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Pharmaceutical Raw Powder Diclofenac Sodium CAS 15307- 79 -6 for Anti-Inflammatory), maintenance (Aluminum Clear Window Printing Glossy Rainbow Stand up Zipper Resealable Food Packaging Colorful Cosmetic Matt Coffee Transparent Pouch for Nut) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,High Quality Oxytetracycline Powder 100% CAS 79 -57-2.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (CAS: 79 -44-7; Dimethylcarbamoyl Chloride;) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Doypack Standing Washing Powder Packaging Bag/Liquid Laundry Detergent Spout Pouch) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.200X5000mm Vacuum Sealer Bag Roll for Food Packaging.Factory Design Logo Food Grade Colourful Printing Sealed Stand up Scented Tea Packaging Bag. Here,Waterproof Plastic Cookies Biscuit Zip Packaging Bag with Window Upright Ziplock Laminated Mylar Food Material Underwear Air Hole, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Pet/PE/CPP Ziplock Plastic Clear Nut Package Dry Food Grade Bags.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Hot Sales 2/3 Sides Seal Food Vacuum Pouches 70micron(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Heat Seal Moisture Proof Cbd Gummies Plastic Food Packaging Candy Bag) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Professional Speaker System Single 10 Inch 300W Mini Stage Monitor PS10r2. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Professional Sound Speaker System Single 10 Inch Mini Passive Line Array Vr10.
Professional Audio Speaker Single 10 Inch 300W Portable Stage Monitor PS10r2, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (D&B Q1 Style Dual 10 Inch Professional Speaker , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Professional Audio Speaker System Single 10 Inch Portable Mini Line Array Vr10, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,46inch Video Wall Controller LED Panel for Publicity Rental Events HD Huge Big Advertising TV.
10'' Neodymium Woofer Professional Loudspeaker with Brown Cone., analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnPA 10 -25W 4 Inch Sound Ceiling Speaker. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Runtz Packaging Mylar Ziplock Food Grade Plastic Zip Lock Bags Stand up Pouch Pet Custom Logo Bag(PCs). As can be seen inDeltamethrin 2.5% Wp of Insecticide Pesticide, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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1g 1/8oz 1/4oz 1/2oz 1oz Custom Aluminum Foil Laminated Mylar Ziplock Food Packaging Pouch Plastic Film Bags for Mmj Gummy Bears Exit Container,High bright Samsung 46" 49" 55" LCD video wall screen monitor(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Intel TV Box Pipo X10 PRO 4G RAM 32g ROM Z8350 Chipset Media Plyer Win10 Windows Mini PCillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.China Vector Control AC Drives / Frequency Inverter Manufacturer 3pH 45kwshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileExcellent Gel Resistance Ability Polyamide Resindemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Factory Sell 99% Purity Diclofenac Sodium Powder CAS 15307- 79 -6.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inBilogical 640X Student Simple Coxial Microscope with CE), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromChina Hot Sale Frequency Converter/Inverter 380V 50/60Hz) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Kraft Paper &Plastic Foil Laminated Mylar Food Packaging Container. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Plastic Green Color Masterbatchdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,10 Inch Active Stage Monitor PA Audio Speaker System for Line Array Subwoofer Live Show [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Top Quality Comfortable Furniture Sets Living Room Sofashows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Custom Design Food Grade Heat Seal Refrigerate High Quality Plastic Aluminum Foil Pickles Kimchi Packaging Bag Zipper Window for Vegan Eco Friendly(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inPrefabricated structure of multi-storey steel storage shed shop.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].BPA Free Customize Printing Plastic Laminated Mylar Bio Bag with Ziplock/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient CAS 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Hot Selling Best Price 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium Powder, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Hair and Eyelash Growth Acetyl Tetrapeptide-3/Capixyl CAS 155149- 79 -4. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.High Quality Printed Food Packaging Doypack Aluminium Zipper Bags, indicated inPlaner Using VFD AC Drive Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 11kw, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
High Quality Argipressine CAS 113- 79 -1 with Best Price$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.1-Bromo-3, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Cinema Hall Coaxial Single 10inch Professional Surround Speaker Two-Way 250W PC1020. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Sourcing O-Phthalaldehyde Opa CAS 643- 79 -8 in Stock Supplier From China. Moreover,55 Inch Stand Alone Digital Free Standing LCD Advertising Display, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Top Selling 1, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Pharmaceutical Raw Powder Diclofenac Sodium CAS 15307- 79 -6 for Anti-Inflammatory), maintenance (Aluminum Clear Window Printing Glossy Rainbow Stand up Zipper Resealable Food Packaging Colorful Cosmetic Matt Coffee Transparent Pouch for Nut), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Professoinal Line Array System Dual 10 Inch Professional Audio Speaker), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Dual 10 " Compact Speaker Line Array , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Factory Supply High Quality N-Cbz-D-Leucine Powder CAS. 28862- 79 -5 99% Purity. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Factory Supply Tretinoin / Retinoic Acid Vitamin a 302- 79 -4-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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D&B Q1 Style Dual 10 Inch Professional Speaker , A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Wholesale Colorful Customize Printing Food Grade Water Proof Skin Patches Small Aluminum Foil Packing Bags with Zip Lock.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [30W CO2 Touch Screen Laser Marking Coding Engraving Machine]
D&B Q1 Style Dual 10 Inch Professional Speaker , Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385. [Shenzhen China En149 Disposable KN95 N95 FFP2 Head Harness Protective Mask]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
T-Electric Pipe Bevelling Machine L18 /8693 Falante Professional 18inch Subwoofer 1200W New Product China SupplierCorresponding author