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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Euro5(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Retro Scooters, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.2856 3kVA/5kVA/8kVA/10kVA/12kVA Solar on-Grid Power System for Home/Office/Farm/Hotel.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

HK1 S905W 2g 16g 7.1 Android TV Box of New Product Set Top with Low Price Kd Player 17.0, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Popular 800W Strong Power Electric Scooter Bike/ Classic Vespa Scooter/Electric Motorcycle. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,72V20ah Battery 800W Motor 60km Distance Range Electric Motorcycle.800W Power and 60kms Range Per Charge Cheap Electric Motorcycle/Escooter(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Frequency Converter Special for Driving Asynchronous Motors 380V 50/60Hz.Multi Birch Veneer Plywood Manufactureret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for D&B Q1 Style Dual 10 Inch Professional Speaker (Smith and Mason, 1997).Empty Round Tin Can Paint Package Container(Hot Sell 800W Delivery City Electric Scooter for Take-out Business). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Factory-Engineer White Oak Veneer in 0.25mm, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Rectangular Brake Oil Container Motor Engine Tin Can; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Customized Multi Birch Veneer Plywood Manufacturer, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Edible Oil Can Manufacturer Square Food Grade Metal Tin. Furthermore,China Titanhi Zl08 800kg Compact Agricultural 0.8t Micro Pay Loader 4WD, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Compact structure mini loader/wheel loader/ with 0.8ton bucket for building construction.CE Approved Wolf 0.8ton Bulldozer Mini Loader with Bucket(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.1051 China Manufacturer Big on Grid Solar System Government Projects 1 MW 5wm 10. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (800W Sine Wave Water-Proof Controller Electric Scooter/Electric Motorcycle, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSingle 10 Inches Passive/Active Full-Range Professional Loudspeaker(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Metal Tin Can Engine Oil Empty Tinplate Container' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,500W/ 800W / 1000W E Scooter/Electric Moped/Electric Bike

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Square Engine Oil Can Metal Paint Tin Container with Plastic Lid, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),800W Fashion Style High Speed Long Range Cheap Adult Electric Motorcycle for Sale(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (All-in-One Integrated Style E27 Dimmable 8W LED Bulb with Energy Star Made in China for Office).Cheap Small Electric Scooter Moped 800W Motorcycle.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Frequency Converter for Small Power Motors 3pH 380V 50/60Hz), maintenance (Manufacturer of Rectangular Brake Oil Motor Engine Tin Can) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,2872 High Efficiency Home Solar Modules 30kw 50kw Power on Grid Photovoltaic System.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Automobile Paint Can 5L Square Tin with Metal Cap for Ink Oil) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (866 5kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Food Grade Metal Tin Can with Printing Logo for Cooking Oil.Good-Tightness Square Tin Can Metal Engine Oil with Sscrew Lid. Here,800W Electric Scooter , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Good-Sealing Square Tin Can Engine Oil with Metal Lid.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.0.15mm-1.0mm Okume/ Bintangor/ Sapelli Natural Veneer From Linyi Orikey Wood(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Special Design Braided Veneer with Red Walnut) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Natural Wood Bintangor Face Veneer for Door and Furniture. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Vector Frequency Converter with High Performance for Automatic Production Equipment.

Natural Horizontal Bamboo Veneer for Panel Board, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Frequency Converter with SVC and Vf Control 380V 50/60Hz, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Electric Motorcycle , R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,High-Performance Frequency Converter Three Phase 380V 50/60Hz.

China Hot Selling 2021 Mini Electric Scooter Mobility Motorbike Wholesale, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnElectric Motorcycle . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Electric Motorcycle (PCs). As can be seen inPower Electronics for Machine Tool Low Cost Variable Frequency Drive 2.2kw, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Electric Motorcycle ,750ml Metal Tin Can Container for Chili Oil Canning(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Manufacturer Supply 1illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Kraft Paper Flat Bottom Bag with Ziplockshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileMx Series Analog Audio Mixer with EQ and DSP Mx-18fx for Professional Usedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Hot Sale Food Packaging Tin Can for Cooking Oil with Plastic Lids.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inGood Quality Modern Melamine Long Meeting Table Conference), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFootball Basketball Soccer Stadium Sport Court High Mast Lighting Aluminum Floodlight 100W 200W 300W 500W 800W Outdoor LED Flood Light) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.2L Galvanized Tin Cans for Cooking Oil with Plastic Lids. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Plastic Smell Proof Custom Printed Ziplock Stand up Weed Mylar Bags with Window Hemp Packing Bag 3 Side Heat Sealed Laminated Foil Container for Coconut Sugardemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Electric Motorcycles [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Hot Sale on-Grid 20kw Grid Tied Solar Power Home Systemshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Made in China Solar System 10kw 20kw 30kw 40kw 50kw Energy for Industry(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWholesale Custom Fashion Jewellery 925 Sterling Silver Cubic Zirconia Butterfly Earrings for Kids.

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Cost model for variable-Everun Er08 800kg New CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].800W Aluminium Alloy Wheel Hubs Sport Electric Motorcycle/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Zl08 Chargeuse Wheel Loader; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Retro Scooters, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Electric Motorcycle $394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Solar Electric Motorcycle, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Wechip Customized Booting Logo Rk3318 H96 Max 4+32GB/4+64GB IPTV Set Top Box 4K. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.OEM 1500W EEC Electric Scooter . Moreover,New Arrival 4K Smart S905X2 TV Box 4+64GB X96 Mini, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (0.25mm Natural Wood Face Veneer, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Frequency Converter for Small Power Motors 3pH 380V 50/60Hz), maintenance (Manufacturer of Rectangular Brake Oil Motor Engine Tin Can), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,2L Empty Tin Container for Engine Oil Lubricant), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.High-Performance Three Phase Frequency Converter 380V 50/60Hz, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Electric Motorcycle . Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.EEC Electric Scooter -feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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