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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Food Additives L-Arginine with Top QualityCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Hot Sale 258 Kw Water Cooling 6 Cylinder Generator Engine /Electric Power Generation/Diesel EnginesFlame Retardant Ammonium Polyphosphate ; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.43" Indoor Narrow Bezel Floor Standstand Alone and Networked LCD Advertising Display Digital Signage(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,49 Inch Portable Alone Standing LED LCD Poster Digital Menu Board, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Alone Stand Kiosk LCD Digital Signage 32'' Elevator Device Advertising Display.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Waterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital Signage, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Mineral Reagents Coal Dressing Collector Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,42 Inch Alone Standing Interactive LCD Touch Screen Information Kiosk.55 Optional Inch Outdoor Stand Double-Side Alone Digital Signage LCD Advertising Display(Khalesiet al.,2015).
60 Inch Waterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital Signage and Display.2021 Popular Outdoor LCD display Alone Instagram Photo Boothet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Fluid Storage Containers Lubricants for Use(Smith and Mason, 1997).Sinopec Brand Chemical Fertilizer N21% with White Color(Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)White Ammonium Sulphate NPK Fertilizer, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Nitrogen 21% Crystal Shape Agriculture Fertilizer; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Capro Grade Crystal , the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Powder Compound Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate with Nitrogen 21%. Furthermore,Powder Caprolactam Grade Chemical Fertilizer with Nitrogen 21%, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-N21% Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate.White Color Crystal Nitrogen N21% Ammonium Sulfate(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.China Best Price Agriculture Fertilizer with Nitrogen 21%. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Factory Price Agricultrue Fertilizer with Caprolactam Grade, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in2021 Everun New Design Er408 Small Front End Loader 0.8ton Mini Wheel(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;White Powder' names:
►Crystal Nitrogen 21% Agricultural Fertilizer: based on 36-foot,Steel Grade Nitrogen 20.5% Ammonium Sulphate,Nitrogen Fertilizer,Cheap Price Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Steel Grade, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Nitrogen Fertilizer Caprolactam Grade Granular CAS No. 7783-20-2 N21% Ammonium Sulphate
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Cheap Price Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Blue Star 21%, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Urea Fertilizer/ Ammonium Sulfate with Steel Grade(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (High Quality Innovate Shopping Recycled Customized Printed Plastic Big Mailing Bags with Handles).Agriculture Ammonium Sulphate Caprolactam 25kg Package.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (High Quality Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate 95%), maintenance (L18 /8693 Falante Professional 18inch Subwoofer 1200W New Product China Supplier) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,N21% Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Factory Price.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Plants Ammonium Sulphate Granular 20.5%Min) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Chemical Factory Sale Ammonium Sulphate Fertilizer Granular) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulfate Soa Fertilizer Sulphate.20.5% Nitrogen Steel Grade Ammonium Sulphate in Agriculture. Here,Nitrogen Fertilizer Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Nitrogen Fertilizer Steel Grade as From China Factory.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Nitrogen Chemical Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate 21%Min(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-White Crystal Steel Grade Ammonium Sulphate with N20.5%) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Floating Agent Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate Supplier. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Mineral Processing Reagents Collector Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate.
Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate for Agriculture, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (China Suppllier Ammonium Sulphate 21% Nitrogen Fertilizer, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Granular Ammonium Sulphate, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Fertilizer N21%.
China Supplier Ammonium Sulphate Compound Fertilizer, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnCrystal Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate for Coumpound. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Raw Material of Making Compound Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate N1%(PCs). As can be seen inCAS: 702- 79 -4; 1, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Crystal Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate Vegetables and Fruits Fertilizer,Hipower Top 10 Speakers Professional Audio PA Loudspeaker 8ohm(CSFM) is presented here as an example.off Grid Tied Solar Inverter 10kw 15kw 20kw 30kw 50kw 100kw 200kw 500kw 3phaseillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Beautiful Design T95 RAM 4GB ROM 32GB Allwinner H616 Universal 4K TV Android 10.0 Set Top Boxshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSurface Mounted Fully Resin Filled RGB LED Piscine Pool Lightdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Professional Audio PA Subwoofer Component Speakers.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inTopone Factory Hot Sale China 138mm Balck Mosquito Coil Anti Elies Mosquitos), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from99% Dibucaine Cinchocaine Best Price Pharmaceutical Hydrochloride Powder) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Nh4 2so4 Chemical Formula for Ammonium Sulfate Fertilizer. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.18" Fane Style Aluminum Speaker Framedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,280mm Magnet[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Bocinas Prosound 18 Pulgadas PRO Speaker Ruidoso Audio Subwoofer Parlente Hot Sale(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inPlush Lying Dog.
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Cost model for variable-Professional Audio PA Subwoofer Component Speakers Bocinas
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].L18 /86130 100%Good Feedback! Professional 18 Inch PA Speaker 1000W RMS Subwoofer/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Additive PE Green Color Masterbatches Manufacturer; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,49 Inch Portable Alone Standing LED LCD Poster Digital Menu Board, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
L18 /86131 Falante Professional 18inch Subwoofer 700W New Product China Supplier Hot Sale. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.L18 /86138-Good Feedback! Professional 18 Inch PA Speaker 1500W RMS Neodymium Subwoofer, indicated inLp Electric Guitar on-on-on Control Switch, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
L18 / 6620- 18 Polegadas PRO Audio Subwoofer Alto Falante 650W$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.OEM Custom Square Rectangle Round Rubber Cover, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)N21% White Granular Ammonium Sulphate. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Vegetable and Fruit Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate Nitrogen 21%. Moreover,Agriculture Fertilizer N 21% Ammonium Sulfate, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (21% Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Caprolactam Grade Crystalline, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (High Quality Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate 95%), maintenance (L18 /8693 Falante Professional 18inch Subwoofer 1200W New Product China Supplier), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Agriculture Fertilizer Nitrogen 21% Ammonium Sulfate China Factory), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Power Steel Grade Nitrogen 20.5% Industrial Ammonium Sulphate Chemical Fertilizer, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,White Extrusion Granular Ammonium Sulphate China Factory. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Granular Grade Ammonium Sulphate N20.5% Nitrogen Fertilizer-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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