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China Factory Direct Losing Weight Raw Sarms Sr9011
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Zl08f Titanhi 800kg Mini Hydraulic Shovel Wheel Loader with CeCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Titan Mini Loader 800kg New Front End Radloader with Spare Parts Best Shipping Agent ServiceHand-Held Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Auto Parts/ Vin Numbers; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Wolf Shovel Loader E5 for Agriculture Work(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Fast Delivery 2 Wheel Lithium Battery Electric Bike Lady Bicycle Motorcycle in Stock, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Wolf Wl80 Mini Dumper Loader with Bucket.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Everun Er408 800kg Construction Equipment Compact Mini Wheel Loader with Bucket, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Agricultural Machine Small Wheel Loader Mini780 with CE Certificate. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Cheap Price Zl08 0.8ton China Mini Articulated Hydraulic Front End Tractor Loaders.Zl08f 0.8ton China Cheap Price Articulated Tractor Front Wheel Loader(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Factory Price Zl08 Mini Articulated Hydraulic Front End Farm Wheel Loader.Factory Supply OEM Support Mxq PRO Rockchip Rk3229 Android 7.1 TV Boxet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 4-20mA Oil Fuel Sensor Explosion Proof Differential Pressure Transmitter(Smith and Mason, 1997).Natural Okoume Venner 0.90mmx6X9FT(1HP Frequency Converter Vector Three Phase). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)All Sizes Good White Recon Veneer, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Dyed Natural Wood Veneer Oak Crown Cut for Hotel Decoration Shop Wall Kitchen Cabinet; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,15mm Pine Wood Core Block Board for Construction, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.The New Natural Mahogany Okoume Veneer. Furthermore,Veneer Paper Tape Reeling and Gummed Repair for Joining Repairing Core Face Door Furniture, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-982 High Efficiency up to 99% on Grid Solar System 50kw Plants for Large Scale Commercial.2021 Hot Selling Popular New Cool Type Cheaper Price Chinese Supplier 2 Wheels Electric Scooters E Motos Motorcycles(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Windows Mini PC Pipo X10 PRO Z8350 Chipset Smart TV Box Android 5.1 4G RAM 64G ROM. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (5 Liter Paint Tin Can with Customized Printing Plastic Handle, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inZl08f Mini Tractor Articulated Hydraulic Front End Wheel Loader(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;2 Liter Square Small Metal Tin Can for Paint with Handle and Lid' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Innopack Food Grade Metal Tin Can for Edible Cooking Oil in Low Price
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Cheapest Price Mxq PRO Rk3229 4K Android TV Box 1GB 8GB Smart Set Top Download User Manual Firmware Update Wholesale Model, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Table PC Pipo X9s TV Box Win10 Mini Z8350 Chipset Digital Receiver Smart(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Dyestuff Sulphur Dyes Sky Blue CV 120% Granule for Textile).Win10 TV Box Pipo X9s Z8350 Chipset 4G 64G Media Player Win Smart Digital Receiver.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Variable Speed Inverter China Frequency Converter AC), maintenance (Natural Material Veneer Hand Made Woven for Wall Decoration) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,458 Alicosolar High Efficiency 10kw on Grid Solar System Kit Home with CE/TUV/ISO for Use.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (5kw Single Phase Home Grid Tied Solar Power System) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Hot Sale 15kw Grid Tied Solar Photovoltaic Power System) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.5kw Inverter Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home.975 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory/House Roof. Here,Rosen 55kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Cheap Factory Price China Supplier 1000W Adult Electric Scooters/Electric Motorcycle for Sale.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Hot Cheap Electric Scooter 60V800W20ah for Adult From China(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Luxury 350W 2 Wheel Electric Bike Scooter/Electric Moped with Pedals Motorcycle Scooter) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Cheap Cute Electric Scooter with Foot Pedal 60V800W20ah From China. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)China Qingzhou Titan Zl08f 0.8ton Mini Small Garden Tractor Front End Wheel Loader.
Three Phase 220V Frequency Converter with Vector Control, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (China Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
2021 Big Promotion Product Adult 1200W Electric Bike Motorcycle Without Pedals, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 200HP.
Factory Price Wholesale 4oz-32oz Empty PVC Glue Tin Can with Brush, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnOkoume Veneer. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Luneng Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin(PCs). As can be seen inFangpower 400cc 4seat Side by Dune Buggy UTV, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Factory Price Manufacturer Supplier Caviar Tin Can Packaging Box Food,Customized Metal Tea Canister Food Packaging Box Round Can Tin(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Single/Three Phase 220V 380V Vector Control Frequency Converterillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.China E-Bike Manufacturer Dropship Electro Motorcycle Electric Beach Cruiser Bicycle Chopper for Girlsshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSuper Operation System Cavitation + RF Vacuum Roller Bio Laser Slimming Machinedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Square Tin with Airtight Lever Lid for Tea.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inBluesky Shellac Soak off LED & UV Nail Gel Polish 120 Different Colors), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHigh Purity Amino Acid L-Arginine Powder) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.968 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.30Hz J45 Worldwide Download User Manual for Android Case DDR4 4GB/128GB Octa-Core 2021 Control 4G Internet Set Top TV Boxdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,0.15mm Rosewood Veneer[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Glass Bottle 1L Empty 1000ml Milkshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Interior Decorative Woven Veneer Customized Style(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inOTR Tire.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Farm Machinery Zl08f Mini Wheel Loader with 4 in 1 Bucket/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Fast Delivery 2 Wheel Lithium Battery Electric Bike Lady Bicycle Motorcycle in Stock, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.0.6mm----2mm AAA Grade White Poplar Wood Veneer for Plywood Usage, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Chinese Suppliers B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Wolf Baumaschinen Zl08 Radlader with Canopy. Moreover,Good Quality Factory Directly Powerful E Motorcycle 2 Wheels Electric Scooters Bike, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Quarter Cut Ebano Makassar Chapa De Madera PARA Cocina Puerta, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Variable Speed Inverter China Frequency Converter AC), maintenance (Natural Material Veneer Hand Made Woven for Wall Decoration), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,0.25-1.0mm Hot Sale Natural Red Beech Veneer for Furniture), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Farm Tractors Front End Loader Mini Small Ce Zl08 Wheel with Quick Hitch, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Cute City Electric Scooter 600V800W14ah Lithium Battery for Adults. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.974 Solar 30kw 40kw 50kw on Grid Tie Power System for House/Factory Roof.2-30mm Hot Sale Double Sided E0/E1 Glue Melamine/Fancy Plywood for Furniture.New Products Customized Support 1080P Decoder Box H. 265 TV with Internet Port, Montreal. 265 pp. [Double 10'' Compact Active Line Array]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
High Back Executive Boss Single Office Sofa Swivel Reception ChairPolythene Plastic Sheet Making MachineCorresponding author