GENERAL PAPERS

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Direct Sale Polyamide PA Resin for Ink(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,CAS No. 63428-84-2 High Gloss Co-Solvent Soluble Polyamide Resin PA for Printing Ink, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Plastic PVC|PE|PP|PPR|Agriculture Water|Gas|Irrigation Pipe|Faux Marble Sheet|Foam Board Floor|Roofing Tile|Extruder|Extrusion Making Machine Production Line.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Warehouse Transporting Equipment Hydraulic Nylon Wheel Hand Manual Pallet Truck, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Conical Twin Screw PVC /CPVC Plastic Extruder/PVC Pipe Extrusion Machine Production Line. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,PVC Vacuum Calibrated Tank 160mm.Material Handling Equipment Manual Hand Pallet Jack(Khalesiet al.,2015).

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Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Chrome Quadrant Shower Enclosure with Plastic Double Roller, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inThree Phase 220V Frequency Converter with Vector Control(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Frame Quadrant Glass Curved Shower Cubicle for Sale Price' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Deltamethrin 2.5% Wp of Insecticide Pesticide

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Insecticide Deltamethrin 2.5% Ec, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),PVC 16-32mm Four Pipes Extrusion Line(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Custom Plastic Toys Figure).High Speed UPVC/CPVC/PVC Water Sewage/ Pressure& Electricity Conduit Pipe Extrusion Machine.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Komatsu Boom Cyl Ket for PC300-5), maintenance (PPR Pipe/HDPE Pipe/PVC Pipe /UPVC Machine Manufacturer Factory) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Komatsu Boom Cyl Ket for PC400-6.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Komatsu Bucket Cyl Ket for PC300-5) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Hyundai Excavator Hydraulic Cylinder Bucket Seal Kit for R210) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Ex200-1/2/3/4/5 Arm Cyl Oil Seal Kit for Hitachi.Factory Direct Sale Polyamide PA Resin for Ink and Adhesives. Here,Aftermarket Hdy. Cyl Repair Kits for Cat Diggers/0965606, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-China Factory Supply Good Quality Polyamide Resin PA.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.High Quality CAS No. 63428-84-2 Alcohol Soluble Polyamide PA Resin for Packaging Ink(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Used for Brushing PA610 with High Tensile Strength) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Polyamide Fabric PA. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Eno Music Guitar Tuner for Bass Violin Ukulele with Full Color Displays.

Adjust Guitar Voice Tuner LED Display, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (High Quality Nylon Plated Classical Guitar Accessory Strings, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Senior Electric Guitar , R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Acoustic and Electric Guitar Hard Ware Machine Head Mh-3692.

High Quality Classical Guitar Nylon Strings, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn4 Stringed Wrapped Electric Bass Guitar Strings. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Lp Electric Guitar on-on-on Control Switch(PCs). As can be seen inWholesales Aminobutyric Acid Organic Solvents 1litre Reagentplus T-Butyrolactone Fast Delivery, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Digital Tuner ,Metronome and Tuner(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Aluminum Clear Window Printing Glossy Rainbow Stand up Zipper Resealable Food Packaging Colorful Cosmetic Matt Coffee Transparent Pouch for Nutillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Disperse Red 11 or Brill Pink 4bnshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileNew Design Active Monitor Speaker Professional PA System Apt Audio Compression Technology Home Style with Mq260demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Creative Caline Cp-09 Tuner Power Pedal Guitar.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in4 Feet Size Machines Round Wood/Wood Log Debarker), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromBloom Tech Chemical Material Topiramate CAS 97240- 79 -4) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Newest Hot Sell Guitar Machine Head Tuner. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Power Mini Electric Scooter for Lady 60V800Wdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,10W 4" Inchs LED Dimmable Downlight for Room[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Uns No6600 Inconel600 Steel Plateshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Super Power LED Lighting 100W Flicker Free Ceiling Lamp(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inNew Chinese Style Bedroom Pendant Lamp Study Room Chandelier Living.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].60W LED High Power Bluetooth Speaker Ceiling Light/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.WiFi RGB+WY Bluetooth Speaker LED Ceiling Lamp Light; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,CAS No. 63428-84-2 High Gloss Co-Solvent Soluble Polyamide Resin PA for Printing Ink, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Guitar / Bass Tuner $394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.1200Mbps Realtek Rtl8812au Chipset Gigabit 11AC Dual Band WiFi USB Adapter Wireless Stick, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)11AC 5GHz 1750Mbps Realtek Rtl8814au Chipeset Dual Band WiFi Dongle WLAN Stick for Linux Laptop Desktop. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.WLAN/WiFi 2X2 Mimo Airx Engine. Moreover,Gospell DVB-C SD TV Box MPEG-2/MPEG-4/H. 264 Video Decoding, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Rg-Ap3220 Dual Band and Radio 5.8g Wireless Poe Access Point / Ap, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Komatsu Boom Cyl Ket for PC300-5), maintenance (PPR Pipe/HDPE Pipe/PVC Pipe /UPVC Machine Manufacturer Factory), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Ruijie Rg-Ap220-E ), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.2.4G 5.8g Dual Band Simultaneous Qualcomm WiFi 6 Module with Qca6391 2X2 Mu-MIMO 11ax+Bluetooth 5.1, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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References

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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