GENERAL PAPERS

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S. Arfania; A.R.Auto Engine Diesel Parts Fuel Injector Common Rail Nozzle Dlla153p2189Alloy Inconel 625 Nickel Strip ; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Xft- 710 Axial Flow Fire Extinguisher Fan(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla155p274, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla153p049.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla155p273, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla154p332. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla154pn006.High Quality Nickel Alloy Monel 400 (Khalesiet al.,2015).

Tsp Trisodium Phosphate/ CAS No.: 7758- 79 -4/Anhydrous/Na3po4.Disperse Violet 63et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for AC Drive Solar Pump Inverter 220V 380V Three Phase Inverters(Smith and Mason, 1997).Skycron® Disperse Violet 1/2R 100% Fabric Dye for Polyester(Wilson Parts Eim Module Engine Interface Control 258 -9753). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Disperse Red 11 or Brill Pink 4bn, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).94% Sodium Tripolyphosphate STPP CAS No: 7758- 79 -4; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Skycron® Disperse Violet 63/RL 200% Color Dye For Clothes, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Flame Retardant Ammonium Polyphosphate . Furthermore,Pigment Violet 23 Liquid, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Asapp-II Ammonium Polyphosphate for Intumescent Paints .Water Treatment Softener Dibasic Sodium Phosphate 97% Powder CAS No.: 7558- 79 -4(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Indissolvable Ammonium Polyphosphate CAS No. 68333- 79 -9. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Sodium Phosphate Dibasic CAS No 7558- 79 -4, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inWholesale Colorful Customize Printing Food Grade Water Proof Skin Patches Small Aluminum Foil Packing Bags with Zip Lock(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Detergent Grade Sodium Tripolyphosphate 94% CAS No: 7758- 79 -4' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Supply Ammonium Polyphosphate APP

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Sdc Shrink Collet Chuck Toolholders for CNC Machine Part, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Nickel Based Alloy W. Nr 2.4819 Hastelloy C276 Uns N10276 High Temperature Steel Round Flat Bar(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (High Quality Glass Bottle Perfume).UNS NO2200 Nickel Plate.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Machine Tools 65mn Spring Sdc06 Sdc08 Sdc12 Clamping Sdc Collet for Milling), maintenance (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla148p591) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Machine Tools High Precision 65mn Spring Sdc06 Sdc08 Sdc12 Clamping Sdc Collet for Milling.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Diesel Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160pn141) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Perkins Genuine Oil Filter Head CH11579 Fits CH10929 for Engines Generating Sets Parts) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel System SD265 Nozzle.Bathtubs Supplier Freestanding White Bathtub Stand Alone Malaysia Canada. Here,Vat Violet 13, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Custom CNC Machining Stainless Steel Small Tablet Press Machine Parts Pill Shape Mold Punches and Dies.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Solvent Violet 9 (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-CAS 81-48-1 Solvent Violet 13 for Dyestuff Powder) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Inconel X-750 Forged/Forging Round Bars . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Factory Price Hot Selling Massage Swimming Pool SPA.

Laswim Swim SPA Endless Swimming Pool Whirlpool Bathtub, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Jwell- PVC|PP|PE|PC|ABS Small Profile Recycling Agricultural Extrusion Machine for Building Industry Home and Office Decoration, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

HDPE Plastic Geomembrane Sheet Making Extrusion Machine, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Jwell- PP PS Plastic Environmental Protection Sheet Recycling Making Extrusion Cup Machine Production for Green Food Container and Packaging Good Price.

Uns No6600 Inconel600 Steel Plate, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnAlloy C276 Hastelloy Nickel Pipe ASTM B622 ASME Sb622 Uns N10276.. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Alloy Inconel 625 Nickel Strip (PCs). As can be seen in50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag Eco Friendly Clear Beverage Liquid Packaging, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Plastic Pouch Custom Water Proof Weed Packaging Food Pack Stand up Bagshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHigh Quality Motorcycle Parts Cam demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Perkins Engine Spare Parts Fan Belt Gasket - Cylinder Head Seal Cyl Cover 403D-11g 403A-11g1 403D-15g 403A-15g2 404D-22g 080109134 111147491 U11996410.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inQt4-22b Concrete Hollow Block Making Machinery), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromBest Quality Skin Care Pure Tretinoin 302- 79 -4) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Virgin PA12 Resin GF20 GF30 Pellets. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Rosen 35kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Marketdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,PA410 Resin Q-Hgm24 10 -20% Glass Mineral Filled Heat Stabilized[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Motorcycle Spare Part Starter Relay for Gy6 -80/Viva R 115ccshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Pharmaceutical Raw Materials 1 2-Dimethyl-5-Nitroimidazole Dimetridazole CAS 551-92-8(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inSmart Collection Perfume.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Fast Delivery High Purity Benzaldehyde 100-52-7/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Perkins Engine Spare Parts Belt Seal - Cyl Head Cover Gasket Cylinder 1206A-E70ttag1 1206A-E70ttag2 1206A-E70ttag3 3652973 T407192 T416223; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla155p274, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Rofessional 21 Speed Mountain Bicycle 26 Inch New MTB$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Perkins Genuine Cyl Head Assy , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Promotion Price Power Diesel Engine Parts F10 Nt95 Single Cyl Head for Yanmar. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Chinese Heavy Truck Diesel Engine Pump Cylinder 161500137712. Moreover,Genuine Perkins Diesel Engine Spare Parts T414546 Original Cylinder Head Assembly, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Jwell  PP Corrugated Roof Sheet Extrusion Machine, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Machine Tools 65mn Spring Sdc06 Sdc08 Sdc12 Clamping Sdc Collet for Milling), maintenance (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla148p591), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Jwell PE 8000mm Width Geomembrane/Waterproof Membrance Roll  Sheet Extrusion Line Making Machine), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Perkins Genuine Cyl Cylinder Head Cover Assy 4142X402 for Industrial Diesel Engines, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T9755n Multicolor Interference Effect. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Alcohol Benzene Polyamide Ink Resin-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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