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Custom Fashion Print Short-Sleeved Ladies T-Shirt
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Professional Factory Motorcycle Tyre and Motorbike Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Rotary Cut Bintagor Veneer for Panels and Furniture with Good PriceCAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%/Ipa 99.9%/Isopropanol 99.9% Used as Pharmaceutical Intermediate; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Quanlity 1 Phase 3 AC Drive VFD for Pump(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Factory-Okoume Veneer 0.25mm-0.60mm in a and B Grade, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Engineered Ebony Veneer Ecowood Reconstituted Macassar Quarter Cut.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
899 Alicosolar 9kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Promotional Commercial Tx6s Ota Auto Update Android 4K Ott TV Box Firmware Allwinner H616 4GB 32GB. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,3phase VFD.0.75kw 1HP AC Frequency Inverter(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Round Gloss Tin Can Metal for Edible Olive Oil Canning.Universal Vector Inverteret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Zhenhua Classic Motorcycle Dax 125cc Euro4(Smith and Mason, 1997).Frequency Inverter 220V 50/60Hz 60HP Three Phases Acdrive(1 Liter Cans for Curing Agent). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)High-Performance Variable Frequency Inverter 3-Phase 380V, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Wl80 Mini Loader From Wolf; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Wolf Mini Wheel Loader Wl950 Farm, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Zl08 0.8 Ton Mini/Small Articulated Hydraulic Front End Wheel Loader. Furthermore,Tin Cans with Metal Cover for Paint or Chemical Packaging, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Yihe Brand 300-600m Face/Core Veneer Door Furniture Paper Tape Reeling and Gummed for Joining Repairing.5L Chemical Oil Tinplate Can with Metal Press Cover(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.15L Tinplate Closed Paint Bucket Water Based Glue Metal Pail. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (0.28mm Red Oak Artificial Veneer, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inTop Quality and Best Price for Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Olive Oil Metal Container Edible Tin Can with Plastic Lid' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Food Grade 280ml Empty Tin Can for Camellia Oil
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,800W Fashion Power Motorcycle Cheap Electric, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Rectangular Glue Tin Can Empty Clear Paint(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Cee Yellow 32A Straight Type Panel Mounted Socket).Metal Tinplate Container Engine Oil Can with Screw Cap.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Square Tin Paint Packaging Can Lubricant Oil Containers), maintenance (800W Electric Scooter/Motorcycle with LED Light) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Citycoco Electric Motorcycle E6 Cheap OEM E Bike.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (800W Deft Fresh Type Drum Brake Brushless Motor Electric Motorcycle) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Euro5) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Retro Scooters.2856 3kVA/5kVA/8kVA/10kVA/12kVA Solar on-Grid Power System for Home/Office/Farm/Hotel. Here,HK1 S905W 2g 16g 7.1 Android TV Box of New Product Set Top with Low Price Kd Player 17.0, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Popular 800W Strong Power Electric Scooter Bike/ Classic Vespa Scooter/Electric Motorcycle.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.72V20ah Battery 800W Motor 60km Distance Range Electric Motorcycle(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-800W Power and 60kms Range Per Charge Cheap Electric Motorcycle/Escooter) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Frequency Converter Special for Driving Asynchronous Motors 380V 50/60Hz. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Multi Birch Veneer Plywood Manufacturer.
Empty Round Tin Can Paint Package Container, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Factory-Engineer White Oak Veneer in 0.25mm, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Rectangular Brake Oil Container Motor Engine Tin Can, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Customized Multi Birch Veneer Plywood Manufacturer.
Edible Oil Can Manufacturer Square Food Grade Metal Tin, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnChina Titanhi Zl08 800kg Compact Agricultural 0.8t Micro Pay Loader 4WD. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Compact structure mini loader/wheel loader/ with 0.8ton bucket for building construction(PCs). As can be seen inBest Price Medicine Grade Lanosterol Powder, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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1051 China Manufacturer Big on Grid Solar System Government Projects 1 MW 5wm 10,800W Sine Wave Water-Proof Controller Electric Scooter/Electric Motorcycle(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Building Material Commercial Plywood with Carb to Europeillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s355Ashows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileProfessional Audio Line Array Speaker Neodymium Crossover Systemdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Metal Tin Can Engine Oil Empty Tinplate Container.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inBlue Aventurine Backlit Stone Slab for Counter Top), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromBest Price Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate N21% Min) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.800W High Speed Electric Scooter/Bike. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.12V AC Warm White PC Mini Flat Resin Filled LED Pool Lightdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,800W 60V20ah Brushless Electric Motorcycles[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Fluid Storage Containers Lubricants for Useshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.10L Customized Tin Cans Paint Coating Used Metal Square Can(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in3 Inch Down-The-Hole Hammer and Bit.
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Cost model for variable-500W/ 800W / 1000W E Scooter/Electric Moped/Electric Bike
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Square Engine Oil Can Metal Paint Tin Container with Plastic Lid/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.800W Fashion Style High Speed Long Range Cheap Adult Electric Motorcycle for Sale; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Factory-Okoume Veneer 0.25mm-0.60mm in a and B Grade, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Cheap Small Electric Scooter Moped 800W Motorcycle. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Frequency Converter for Small Power Motors 3pH 380V 50/60Hz, indicated inHot Sell 800W Delivery City Electric Scooter for Take-out Business, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Manufacturer of Rectangular Brake Oil Motor Engine Tin Can$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.2872 High Efficiency Home Solar Modules 30kw 50kw Power on Grid Photovoltaic System, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Automobile Paint Can 5L Square Tin with Metal Cap for Ink Oil. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.866 5kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home. Moreover,Food Grade Metal Tin Can with Printing Logo for Cooking Oil, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Good-Tightness Square Tin Can Metal Engine Oil with Sscrew Lid, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Square Tin Paint Packaging Can Lubricant Oil Containers), maintenance (800W Electric Scooter/Motorcycle with LED Light), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,800W Electric Scooter ), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Good-Sealing Square Tin Can Engine Oil with Metal Lid, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,0.15mm-1.0mm Okume/ Bintangor/ Sapelli Natural Veneer From Linyi Orikey Wood. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Special Design Braided Veneer with Red Walnut-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Karaoke Wireless Portable Wooden Bluetooth PA SpeakerZl08f Wheel Loader with Rops CabCorresponding author