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New Design Modern Wash Basin Bathroom Vanity for Hotel
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Professional Audio Signal 12" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA System with Tq12Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Disodium Phosphate Food Grade ManufacturerDiase Professional Speaker Vt-4887 Three Way Dual 8inch Line Array; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.99% Tech Grade Disodium Phosphaten Used as Water-Softening Agent(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Sodium Phosphate Monobasic Msp Industrial Grade CAS 7758-80-7, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Ammonium Polyphosphate APP-II CAS No. 68333- 79 -9.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
High Quality Disodium Phosphate Sell by Factory, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Factory Supply Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous Food Additive. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Head Gasket .Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate (Khalesiet al.,2015).
High Quality .K20 K30 Tungsten Carbide Thread Rod with Double Helix Hole or Straightet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Rosen 5kw on Grid Solar System with Tied Inverter(Smith and Mason, 1997).Customized Carbide Spare Parts Assembly Orifice Main Valve Pulser(New Model V8 D&Bstyle Dual 10 Inch Three Way Line Array Speaker). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Seal Kits Hyundai R210-7 Boom Cyl Arm Bucketcyl Oil, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Chinese Manufacture Jcb332/Y6195 Universal Cylinder Seal Kit; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Seal Kits Komatsu PC200-5/6 Boom Cyl Kit, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Industrial Grade SHMP . Furthermore,Spiral Reversible Replacement Solid Tungsten Carbide Round or Square Indexable Woodturning Cutters Inserts for Wood Turning, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-E320L/B/C/D Boom Arm Bucket Cyl Seal Kit Excavator Oil Kits.Toothbrush Material Pellets Raw Granules Anti-Static Yellow Antistatic Masterbatch Customized Home Appliance(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.K10 K20 P30 Tungsten Carbide Plate Strips for Cutting. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Komastu PC60-6 Arm Cyl Oil Seal Kit, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inColumn Speaker of Empty Alu. Cabinet (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Cat320b/C/D Arm Cyl Seal Kit Excavator Oil Kits' names:
►Pigment Violet 1 Toner for Ink: based on 36-foot,Solvent Violet 59 ,Solvent Violet 13 for Plastic Application,Solvent Violet 11, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Solvent Violet G 49 for Plastic
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Manufacturer ASTM 316L Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Tubes, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Solvent Violet 10b 9(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Forestry Bx62s Wood Cutting Machine Self Feeding Tractor Mounted Chipper).Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet Super 2507.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (ASTM A789 S32750 Uns Super Duplex Stainless Steel Pipe), maintenance (Uns S32750 2507 S32760 F55 1.4501 Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Skycron® Disperse Violet 26/HFRL Dyestuff Fabric Dye.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (ASTM A790 Uns S31803 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Manufacture High Quality PLA Silk Color Masterbatch) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Ce Certification Plastic PP Blue Color Masterbatch.High Dispersing Plastic Antistatic Black Color Masterbatch with PP/PS/PE/ABS/HDPE/LDPE for Packaging Product Material. Here,Wireless Earbuds Headphones with Bluetooth 5.0 Earphones True Stereo Tws Charging Case for Sports Drive or Work, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Bluetooth 5.0 Headset Mini Tws True Wireless Earbuds Stereo Bass in-Ear Earphone.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Mini Wireless Stereo Tws 5.0 Music Earphone L18(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Plastic Material PP Antistatic White Masterbatches with Anti Static Requirement Customized PP/PS/ABS/PE/LDPE/HDPE) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Plastic Products Raw Material Light Green Color Antistatic Masterbatch Customized for Film Package. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Jwell Plastic PVC Foamed Frame Profile Extrusion Machine.
Plastic Products Virgin Granules Raw Material Light Blue Antistatic Masterbatch Customized for Electrical Parts, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Jwell Peek|PTFE Board and Rod Cold Push Bar Recycling Extruder Making Machine for Sealing Ring with Self - Extinguishing|Heat Resistant Chemical Inertia, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
PP/PC Sheet Extrusion Machine, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Water Treatment Disodium Phosphate .
Food Grade Addictive Disodium Phosphate DSP, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnDisodium Phosphate Anhydrous CAS No 7558- 79 -4. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Factory Supply Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dodecahydrate with Best Price CAS 7558- 79 -4(PCs). As can be seen inRound Gloss Tin Can Metal for Edible Olive Oil Canning, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Changhong Film Stack Flexo Printing Machine,Xft- 710 Axial Flow Fire Smoke Fan(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Motorcycle Muffler Assy/Exaust Pipe for Scooter Parts Gy6 50/125/150illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.1500W Frequency Converter Inverter VFD 3phase 380V Best Enclosure 50Hz to 60Hzshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSupply 99% Purity 3-Amino-4-Pyrazolecarboxamide Hemisulfate demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Bt Sk Cat Straight Collet Power Multi-Lock Chuck Milling Holder Arbors.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inIw02 Race Car Games RC Hobby), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromInverter Cabinet VFD Frequency AC Drive 55kw) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Skyzon® Cationic Violet 3R/Cationic Dyes/Cloth Dye. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Raw Material Anti Epilepsy Topiramate Powder with Best Pricedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Disperse Dyestuff Violet S3rl 200% C. I. 63[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.High-Performance Frequency Converter Three Phase 380V 50/60Hzshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Pigment Violet 1 or Fast Rose Toner/Fast Lake(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inFactory Supplied High Quality Hardness Natural 100% Bamboo Incense Stick.
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Cost model for variable-Disperse Dyestuff Violet 200% P-CF for Textile
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Disperse Red/Blue/Orange/ Violet /Black/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Disperse Dyestuff Violet Recp-Hf 100% for Textile; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Sodium Phosphate Monobasic Msp Industrial Grade CAS 7758-80-7, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Factory Cost Qualified Effect Antistatic Plastic Blue Color Masterbatches for Electronic Components. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Plastic Products Pellets Raw Granulesanti-Static Material Yellow Antistatic Masterbatch Customized Home Appliance, indicated inDiesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 142s1173, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Super Popular Endless Swimming Pool with Jacuzzi SPA for Market$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Massage Bathtub, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)PA Filler Masterbatch for Injection Moulding. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Swedish Soaking Bath Tubs Lowes Plastic Adult Freestanding Bathtub. Moreover,Laswim Endless Pool/Counter Flow Pool, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Double Slipper Two Upper End Freestanding Soaking New Bath Tub, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (ASTM A789 S32750 Uns Super Duplex Stainless Steel Pipe), maintenance (Uns S32750 2507 S32760 F55 1.4501 Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Jacuzzi Massage Endless Swimming Pool Swim SPA), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.2021 Popular Great Large 5.95 Meter Swimming Pool Laswim Bathtub Hot Tub SPA, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,PP Corrugated Roofing Sheet Extrusion Machine. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Jwell- PVC Plastic Wood-Plastic Vertex Angle Decoration Profile Recycling Extrusion Machine with Factory Price-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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