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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Highlighted LED Electric Motorcycle with 60V 800W Power System(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,AC 3 Phase 380V Compact Vectorial Inverter Frequency 220V, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.High Speed Full Size Adult 800W Z1000 Electric Motorcycle.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

AC Drives Frequency Inverter for Dyeing Machine, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,1220*2440*18mm Birch Plywood with Carb P2 Standard Quality. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Solar Pump Frequency Inverter MPPT Fuction 15kw Made in China.China Wholesales Wheel Loader HR912 with Pallet Forks(Khalesiet al.,2015).

AC Frequency Speed Controller 7.5kw VFD Drives.Carb P2 Bleached White Poplar Plywood for Furnitureet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Professional Supplier Disodium Glycyrrhizin 71277- 79 -7 Food Sweetener Exporter(Smith and Mason, 1997).Professional Mini Wheel Loader for Sale with Low Price(Effects Night Club Bluetooth Powered Speaker Pofessional PA Line Array). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)New Model Chinese Small Loader Front End Wheel for Sale, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Mimo Antenna 13dBi CPE; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,1220X2440X9mm Carb P2 Glue Bleached Poplar Plywood for Furniture, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.5GHz 25dBi Dual Pol Enclosure Antenna. Furthermore,Bleached Poplar/Birch Carb Plywood, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Weifang Cp Cloud Pillar Brand Ce Approved Zl08 Multi-Function Mini Wheel Loader with Cheap Price.Newest Kids Pedal Electric Drift Crazy Kart Go(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Zl08 Mini Small Garden Farm Tractors Compact Front End Wheel Loader. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (IN-A7 handheld color doppler linear probe hip bone ultrasound scanner, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inGospell DVB-C SD TV Box MPEG-2/MPEG-4/H. 264 Video Decoding(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;New Generation Engine Er08 Wheel Loader with CE/Bucket for Sale' names:

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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),WiFi Probe Type 2 in 1 Double Head Wireless Mini Color Doppler Ultrasound(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (LED Strip Light 60SMD 5730 One Line 8mm 220-240V IP65).Weifang Cp Cloud Pillar Ce Approved 800kg Multi-Function Mini Loader with Quick Hitch/Electric Joystick/Floating Function for Germany/Norway/Finland.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Aj-Bmd500 New Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer), maintenance (18watt Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lamp with Two Years Warranty) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,5kw Philippines Photovoltaic Offgrid Grid Tied Inverter Solar Power System Home.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Solar Power System 8kw Grid Tied Solution) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (CE China manufacturers mini wheel loader for sale at cheap price) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Wolf Agricultural Machinery Construction Small Front End Wheel Loader with Euro5 and Tier4 Engine.China Portable Medical Ophthalmic a/B Ultrasound Scanner Pachymeter with B Probe for Eyes. Here,6000W 200V-240V AC Single Phase on Gird/ Grid- Tied Solar Power Energy System, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Ce Approved 10 Inch Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer .

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.5GHz 10dBi Wideband Omni WLAN Antenna(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Jy125t-36c 125cc Scooter with Cdi and Efi) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarized Panel Antenna . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)2021 New Arrival China Supplying Internet TV Set Top Box Smart 4K HD 4GB Android 9 Amlogic S922X.

5GHz 23dBi Enclosure WLAN Antenna, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (16" Inch Steel Wheel for Toyota Prado Land Cruiser, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

off Road 200cc Motorcycle for Hot Sale, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,off Load 150cc Motorcycle with High Speed.

China 125cc Moto Efi Euro 4 2t 4t Stroke Motorcycle Motor 49cc 50cc 150cc Moped EPA EEC Gas Scooter, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnChina Al-Gw6 800W Electric Motorbike with 60V/20ah Battery. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Linux TV Box International Internet Smart IPTV Zgemma I55(PCs). As can be seen in8-30inches Malaysian Straight Hair Bundles 100% Human Weaves, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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20" Inch Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Astonmartin,2021 Google Certified Internet HDD Full HD 1080P Xangshi U7 S905W 2RAM 8ROM Android Media Player(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Flexible Label Laser Marking Machine for Airbag Warning Labelsillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Cute Street Electric Scooter with LED Light 60V800W20ahshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileChina Titanhi Zl08 800kg Compact Agricultural 0.8t Micro Pay Loader 4WDdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Volkswagen VW Tiguan Atlas Touareg.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inAirbrush Nail Paint Polish), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromEco Frendly PA PE OPP Soft Plastic Lures Bait Packaging Fishing Bag Clear Transparent Ziplock Slide Lock Food for Hermetic) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Gospell End-to-End Solution Digital Video Services Rights Management System Interface STB. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Outdoor Line Array PA System Loudspeakerdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Medical Automatic Ultrasound Bone Densitometer in Low Price[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Plastic Products Raw Material Light Green Color Antistatic Masterbatch Customized for Film Packageshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Yj-Ubd7a Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer Made in China(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inStar Shaped Custom Lapel Pins.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].IN-A4CPL Portable Wireless WiFi ultrasound color doppler scanner machine/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer Made in China; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,AC 3 Phase 380V Compact Vectorial Inverter Frequency 220V, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Clinical Equipment Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer for Hospital$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Apr125 White Motorcycle, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Apr125 Red Motorcycle. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Apr125-2 White Motorcycle. Moreover,Underwater Swimming Pool Light Decoration LED Lamp, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (IN-AC5MC USB mobile scan cheapest pocket handheld hospital ultrasound scanner, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Aj-Bmd500 New Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer), maintenance (18watt Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lamp with Two Years Warranty), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Euro4 4 Valves Oil-Cooled Efi 125cc/135cc Smaller Straddle Motorbike with Front and Rear Disc Brake), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.350cc Motorcycle with Double-Cylinder & Water-Cooled Engine , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Popular Medical Device Automatic Bone Densitometer. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Diesel Cargo Three Wheel Tricycle for Sale From China-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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