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Chenille for Jacquard Fabric
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
962 Complete Solar System 40kw on Grid Home with High QualityCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 2.2kwExcavator Cylinder Seal for E307b Boom Cyl Repair Parts; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Frequency Converterlow Industrial Power Inverter(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,2370 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.China Electric Moped Motorcycle Sale for Adults Mobility E Scooter with Battery.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Three Phase 380V/ 0.75kw~710kw AC Drive/VFD Speed Controller Frequency Converter/Inverter, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 4kw. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Low Price B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer.Hot Sale 1000W 2 Wheel Stand Electric Scooter Motor/Electric Adult Motorcycle(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Solar Pump Inverter Price Quality AC Drive Frequency Converter.Good Quality Pine Wood Core Block Board with Okume Filmet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Factory Supply BMK White Powder Oil Eurore Warehouse Fast Delivery CAS: 5413-05-8(Smith and Mason, 1997).Hot Good Bulk Quality 60V800W20ah Electric Motor Scooter for Ladies(Ce ISO SGS Certification Wd Series Full Automatic Linear Type PE Plastic Film Stretch Shrink Wrapping Machine Packaging). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Al-Gw6 Fast Electric Motorcycle Speed 60km/H Kits, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Titan Chargeuses Cheap Small Log China Mini Digger Loader with European Quick Hitch; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Chinese Factory Direct Supply Lithium Battery Electric Scooter LCD Display Motorcycle E-Scooter, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Cheap Chinese Moped Scooter with Lithium Battery Rechargeable Electric Motos Motorcycle. Furthermore,2021 Wuxi Best Selling New Type Racing Mobility Adults 2 Wheels Electric Motorcycles E Motos CKD Scooters, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Grid Tied Solar Energy System 5kw 10kw 20kw 50kw 100kw 200kw 300kw 500kw.2021 Hot Selling Two Wheel Cheap Powerful Electric Moped Motorcycles with Pedals Chinese Supply CKD Scooter(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Titan OEM New Type Qingzhou Loadefr Factory RC Avant Mini Wheel Loaders with Ce. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Zl08 0.8 Ton Garden Tractor Pay Loader 800kg Mini, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inRemote Control Coaxial Ceiling Speaker Professinoal PA System Power 220W with Mq8CD190801(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Titan Mini Loader 800kg New Front End Radloader with Spare Parts Best Shipping Agent Service' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Agricultural Machine Small Wheel Loader Mini780 with CE Certificate
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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Zl08f 0.8ton China Cheap Price Articulated Tractor Front Wheel Loader(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Onion Diced Frozen China Supplier).Factory Price Zl08 Mini Articulated Hydraulic Front End Farm Wheel Loader.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Factory Supply OEM Support Mxq PRO Rockchip Rk3229 Android 7.1 TV Box), maintenance (Natural Okoume Venner 0.90mmx6X9FT) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,All Sizes Good White Recon Veneer.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Dyed Natural Wood Veneer Oak Crown Cut for Hotel Decoration Shop Wall Kitchen Cabinet) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (15mm Pine Wood Core Block Board for Construction) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.The New Natural Mahogany Okoume Veneer.Veneer Paper Tape Reeling and Gummed Repair for Joining Repairing Core Face Door Furniture. Here,982 High Efficiency up to 99% on Grid Solar System 50kw Plants for Large Scale Commercial, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-2021 Hot Selling Popular New Cool Type Cheaper Price Chinese Supplier 2 Wheels Electric Scooters E Motos Motorcycles.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Windows Mini PC Pipo X10 PRO Z8350 Chipset Smart TV Box Android 5.1 4G RAM 64G ROM(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-5 Liter Paint Tin Can with Customized Printing Plastic Handle) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,2 Liter Square Small Metal Tin Can for Paint with Handle and Lid. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)502 Alicosolar High Quality 30kw on Grid Solar System 30000W Power Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use.
2382 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (HK1 Smart TV Box Amlogic S905W Android 7.1 Quad Core 2GB 16GB, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Innopack 5L Paint Engine Oil Tin Can with Plastic Handle, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Innopack Food Grade Metal Tin Can for Edible Cooking Oil in Low Price.
Cheapest Price Mxq PRO Rk3229 4K Android TV Box 1GB 8GB Smart Set Top Download User Manual Firmware Update Wholesale Model, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnTable PC Pipo X9s TV Box Win10 Mini Z8350 Chipset Digital Receiver Smart. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Win10 TV Box Pipo X9s Z8350 Chipset 4G 64G Media Player Win Smart Digital Receiver(PCs). As can be seen in1L Rectangular Olive Oil Tin 1800ml Packaging with Imported Plastic Spout Guangdong, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.High Quality Ebony Engineered Wood Veneer for Hot Saleshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHigh Power Outdoor Flood Light for Stadium/ Tennis Court 600W 800W 1000Wdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,5kw Single Phase Home Grid Tied Solar Power System.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHot Sale Children's Knitted Sweaters Kids Clothing Infant Baby Girl Cardigan Sweater), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from1HP Frequency Converter Vector Three Phase) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.5kw Inverter Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Master Batch Organic Colorsdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,975 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory/House Roof[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Fangpower 400cc 4seat Side by Dune Buggy UTVshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Rosen 55kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inEs X5 Sewer Crawler for CCTV Inspection HD1080p with 150~300m Cable Reel Atex Certs.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Hot Cheap Electric Scooter 60V800W20ah for Adult From China/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Luxury 350W 2 Wheel Electric Bike Scooter/Electric Moped with Pedals Motorcycle Scooter; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,2370 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Cheap Cute Electric Scooter with Foot Pedal 60V800W20ah From China. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.China Qingzhou Titan Zl08f 0.8ton Mini Small Garden Tractor Front End Wheel Loader, indicated inChina E-Bike Manufacturer Dropship Electro Motorcycle Electric Beach Cruiser Bicycle Chopper for Girls, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Three Phase 220V Frequency Converter with Vector Control$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.China Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)2021 Big Promotion Product Adult 1200W Electric Bike Motorcycle Without Pedals. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 200HP. Moreover,Factory Price Wholesale 4oz-32oz Empty PVC Glue Tin Can with Brush, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Okoume Veneer, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Factory Supply OEM Support Mxq PRO Rockchip Rk3229 Android 7.1 TV Box), maintenance (Natural Okoume Venner 0.90mmx6X9FT), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Luneng Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Chinese Factory Tin Can with Brush for Glue and Sealants Adgesives, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Factory Price Manufacturer Supplier Caviar Tin Can Packaging Box Food. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Customized Metal Tea Canister Food Packaging Box Round Can Tin-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Complete Set 15kw Grid Tied Solar Power System20.5-25/29.5-25/23.5-25/14.00-24/7.50-16 New E-3/L-3 Loader OTR Bias TyreCorresponding author