GENERAL PAPERS

High Efficient Industrial Electric Motor Power SaverCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Android TV Box X96 Air 4GB 32GB Media Player5GHz 45deg Dual Pol Sector Antenna; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.China Articulated Wheel Loader Mr 908 Euro Style 800kg /0.8ton Mini for Sale(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Construction Equipment Mini Wheel Loader with Quick Hitch, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Avant Zl08f Mini Wheel Loader for Sale.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Chinese Mini Radlader 800kg Wheel Loader with Pirce, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Frequency Converter 0.5 HP. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,125HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pump.Converters 220V 380V Variable Frequency Inverter VFD Pump 160 Made in China(Khalesiet al.,2015).

AC Board China Vector Control 60Hz to 50Hz VFD Drive Price.Frequency Converter Three Phase Variable Speed Drive 220kw Generator Air Pumpet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Dl-Isoleucine Powder CAS 443- 79 -8(Smith and Mason, 1997).AC Manufacturer 3 pH Compressor Solar Pump Inverter VFD Voltage Converter(Professional Body Contouring Cellulite Removal RF Vacuum Roller Velashape 3 Slimming Machine). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Jarol Converter 220 380 Inverter 220V to 380V Frequency 50Hz 60Hz, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).3 Phase Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz Variable Drive Manufacturer Solar Modules; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Bt 4.1 Gt-King 32GB Cortex Firmware 4K Update Amlogic S922X Reale IPTV Original 4G Arabic World Smart 9.0 Android TV Box, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Amlogic S905X3 X96 Air 2g 16g Android 9.0 Media Player. Furthermore,Customized Supported Android 9.0 X96 Air Media Box, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Mini Loader/Small Wheel Loader Zl08 with CE.China Original Mini Bucket 0.8ton Wheel Loader Yz908 Construction Equipment(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Small Wheel Loader Zl08 CE. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Mini Small Hot Sale in Europe Wheel Loader for, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in49" 450nits LG panel advertising LCD screen (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Supper Mini Wheel Loader Hzm908 Zl08f 0.8ton Compat Small Backhoe' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,220V 3HP Frequency Converter

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,AC Frequency Converter2HP 1phase, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),China Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive 7.5kw Inverter Three Phase Power Save(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (60 LED Outdoor Solar Wall Light PIR Motion Sensor Lamp Waterproof Infrared Garden).Electric Motor AC Output Power and Triple Frequency Converter VFD Drive Inverter.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Supprot OEM Software Android 9.1 Rk3228 2GB and 16GB Wholesale TV Boxes), maintenance (Articulated Compact Small Mini Wheeled Dumper Loader) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Zl08f Wheel Loaders with Ce Farm 0.8 Ton Tractor Mini/Small Compact.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (7.5HP Frequency Converter Vector) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (New Design Converter 220V 380V DC AC Inverter Motor Pump VFD Power High Quality) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Factory Price 0.8 Ton Best Cheap Mini Compact Wheel Loader with Ce.Mammut Hot Sale Wl12 1ton Electric Control Mini Front End Wheel Loader. Here,G52 Gt-King Controls Android Pendoo Freesat 9.0 Smart 64GB Recarga Octa Core TV Box 4K, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Variable Frequency Drive Inverter Manufacturer 3 pH Power Saver AC Synchronous Motor.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Vectron Frequency Inverter(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Zl08f Mini Small Farm Compact Tractor Wheel Loader with Standard Bucket) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Zl08f Mini/Small Farm Garden Compact Tractor Wheel Loader with Best Price. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)OEM/ODM T95 Allwinner H616 Android 10.0 6K 4GB 32GB Box 4K Remote Control Smart TV.

Beautiful Design T95 RAM 4GB ROM 32GB Allwinner H616 Universal 4K TV Android 10.0 Set Top Box, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Eougem Zl-08 0.8 Ton Chinese Mini Radlader Manufacturer 0.45m3 Bucket Loader, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Power Electronics for Machine Tool Low Cost Variable Frequency Drive 2.2kw, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,50Hz 60Hz 220V/380V Vector Control AC Variable Frequency Drive.

Inverter AC Drive, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnPower and Triple Output Type Static Electric Motor AC Inverter Solar Speed Control. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Small Compact Front Wheel Loader / Zl08 Farm Garden Mini(PCs). As can be seen inProfessional Loudspeaker Single 5" Coaxial Full Range Speaker with CF5, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Variable Frequency Drive Manufacturer 380V 4kw 3 Phase Inverter Washing Machine,Frequency Converter Variable Drive 50Hz to 60Hz 2HP 2. Kw 1 Phase(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Innopack 16oz 0.5liter Biodegradable Plastic Cold Pressed Juice Bottle with Screw Capillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 1.5kwshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while43" Indoor Narrow Bezel Floor Standstand Alone and Networked LCD Advertising Display Digital Signagedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,800kg Farm Mini Loader Chargeur Minilader Cargador.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inDouble Chamber Rool on and Perfume Glass Bottle 3ml*2 5ml*2 5ml 5ml Brush), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromBio-Degradable Brown Kraft Food Packaging Bag) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.VFD 0.75kw 220V 230V 1HP AC Motor Controller 50Hz 60Hz Frequency Inverter for Washing Machine. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.1500cc Watercraft with 3seatdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Radlader Zl08 Wheel Loader for Sale Mini Articulated[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.5.180- 5.825 GHz Qualcomm Atheros Qca9994 Wle1216V5-20 I-Temp 5.8GHz 44 Mu-MIMO 802.11AC Wave 2 80+80MHz Mini WiFi Module Cardshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Customized Bintangor Plywood Face Veneer of Commercial(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inLatest Model Fashion Jewellery 925 Sterling Silver or Brass CZ Stud Earrings for Women.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].0.18mm Engineered Wood Face Veneer/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.4K J45 128GB Stick Firmware Download User Manual for Cable Junction Android TV Box; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Construction Equipment Mini Wheel Loader with Quick Hitch, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

Dyed Skateboard Veneer. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.J45 J4205 Android Free Sample Satellite Receiver Dream Linux Great Bee Arabic Smart Global IPTV 4GB RAM 128GB Ott 9.0 TV Box, indicated in2.50- 17 , and major extrapolation should be avoided.

American Walnut Single Crown Cut Veneer Recon Engineered for Door Furniture Plywood$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Power Supply 3 pH 4kw Converter 60Hz 50Hz Water Pump Frequency Inverter, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Comaccord D and E Grade 0.26mm Birch/Oak/Ash Face Veneer for Vietnam Furniture Plywood. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Rotary-Cut Okoume Wood Veneer 0.25mm A Grade for India. Moreover,0.8ton Contruction Machine Mini Small Wheel Loader with Bucket, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Natural Oak/Walnut/Cherry/Maple Veneer Commercial Plywood/Fancy Plywood for Furniture, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Supprot OEM Software Android 9.1 Rk3228 2GB and 16GB Wholesale TV Boxes), maintenance (Articulated Compact Small Mini Wheeled Dumper Loader), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Top Quality Cheap Price 0.3mm Birch Face Veneer for Furniture Plywood), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Natural Wood Sapele Veneer Plywood for Furniture Grade, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,20mm Plywood or Timber. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Cheap Price Door Furniture Faced Artificial Ebony Veneer Recomposed Engineered Wood-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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