GENERAL PAPERS

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S. Arfania; A.R.Disperse Dyestuff Violet Recp-Hf 100% for TextileWater Bottles Wrapping Machines Semi Automatic Film Shrink Machine; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Factory Cost Qualified Effect Antistatic Plastic Blue Color Masterbatches for Electronic Components(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Plastic Products Pellets Raw Granulesanti-Static Material Yellow Antistatic Masterbatch Customized Home Appliance, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Super Popular Endless Swimming Pool with Jacuzzi SPA for Market.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Massage Bathtub, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,PA Filler Masterbatch for Injection Moulding. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Swedish Soaking Bath Tubs Lowes Plastic Adult Freestanding Bathtub.Laswim Endless Pool/Counter Flow Pool(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Double Slipper Two Upper End Freestanding Soaking New Bath Tub.Jacuzzi Massage Endless Swimming Pool Swim SPAet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for High Quality Vitamin B5 Pantothenic Acid Powder Manufacturer with Bulk Shipment(Smith and Mason, 1997).2021 Popular Great Large 5.95 Meter Swimming Pool Laswim Bathtub Hot Tub SPA(Zl08 0.8t Hot Sale Small Yard Loader Mini Tractor Front End). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)PP Corrugated Roofing Sheet Extrusion Machine, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Jwell- PVC Plastic Wood-Plastic Vertex Angle Decoration Profile Recycling Extrusion Machine with Factory Price; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Jwell - Thermoplastic Polyurethane Film Extrusion Machine, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Jwell - TPU Roll Car Paint Protection Matt Cast Film Machine. Furthermore,Jwell - High Performance Shoes PEVA Hotmelt TPU Film Production Line, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150p249.Polythene Plastic Sheet Making Machine(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Jwell-Jwell-PVC Plastic Rigid Transparent Sheet Thickness 0.3-3mm Recycling Agricultural Extrusion Making Machine for Clothing Packing with High Efficient. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (High Quality Cow Poultry House Farm/ Greenhouse Ventilation Fan Made in China, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHot Sale Jincheng Jc200t-8 Scooter Motorcycle with Good Price(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;1HP/2HP/3HP/4HP/5HP Shrimp Pond Fish Farm Aerator Air Ring Blower' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla153p049

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla155p273, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla154p332(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (HS-250t Single Output Switching Power Supply).Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla154pn006.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (High Quality Nickel Alloy Monel 400 ), maintenance (Tsp Trisodium Phosphate/ CAS No.: 7758- 79 -4/Anhydrous/Na3po4) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Disperse Violet 63.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Skycron® Disperse Violet 1/2R 100% Fabric Dye for Polyester) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Disperse Red 11 or Brill Pink 4bn) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.94% Sodium Tripolyphosphate STPP CAS No: 7758- 79 -4.Skycron® Disperse Violet 63/RL 200% Color Dye For Clothes. Here,Flame Retardant Ammonium Polyphosphate , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Pigment Violet 23 Liquid.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Asapp-II Ammonium Polyphosphate for Intumescent Paints (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Water Treatment Softener Dibasic Sodium Phosphate 97% Powder CAS No.: 7558- 79 -4) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Indissolvable Ammonium Polyphosphate CAS No. 68333- 79 -9. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Sodium Phosphate Dibasic CAS No 7558- 79 -4.

Detergent Grade Sodium Tripolyphosphate 94% CAS No: 7758- 79 -4, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Boring Machine Tools Micro Head F1type CNC Heads Set, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Straight Shank Collets C16 C20 C25 C32 Collet Chuck for Power Milling, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,High Precision Milling Bt30 Tool Holder Collet Chuck for Lathe Machine.

94% Sodium Tripolyphosphate STPP CAS No: 7758- 79 -4, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnSupply Ammonium Polyphosphate APP . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Sdc Shrink Collet Chuck Toolholders for CNC Machine Part(PCs). As can be seen inAC Drive Three Phase High Performance Vector Control Variable Frequency Converter VFD, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.PA Filler Masterbatch for Injection Mouldingshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSteel Grade Nitrogen 20.5% Ammonium Sulphatedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla148p591.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCustomization Type and Colour Standby Power 200kVA 160kw Cummins Diesel Trailer Generator), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromAlloy Inconel 625 Nickel Strip ) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Diesel Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160pn141. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Wholesale Colorful Customize Printing Food Grade Water Proof Skin Patches Small Aluminum Foil Packing Bags with Zip Lockdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Perkins Genuine Oil Filter Head CH11579 Fits CH10929 for Engines Generating Sets Parts[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reportsshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel System SD265 Nozzle(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inContainer Shipping from China to Belgium Antwerp.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Vat Violet 13/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Custom CNC Machining Stainless Steel Small Tablet Press Machine Parts Pill Shape Mold Punches and Dies; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Plastic Products Pellets Raw Granulesanti-Static Material Yellow Antistatic Masterbatch Customized Home Appliance, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Inconel X-750 Forged/Forging Round Bars $394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Factory Price Hot Selling Massage Swimming Pool SPA, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Laswim Swim SPA Endless Swimming Pool Whirlpool Bathtub. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Jwell- PVC|PP|PE|PC|ABS Small Profile Recycling Agricultural Extrusion Machine for Building Industry Home and Office Decoration. Moreover,HDPE Plastic Geomembrane Sheet Making Extrusion Machine, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Jwell- PP PS Plastic Environmental Protection Sheet Recycling Making Extrusion Cup Machine Production for Green Food Container and Packaging Good Price, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (High Quality Nickel Alloy Monel 400 ), maintenance (Tsp Trisodium Phosphate/ CAS No.: 7758- 79 -4/Anhydrous/Na3po4), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Uns No6600 Inconel600 Steel Plate), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Alloy C276 Hastelloy Nickel Pipe ASTM B622 ASME Sb622 Uns N10276., and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Alloy Inconel 625 Nickel Strip . Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 148pn306-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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