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Everun Brand CE Approved Articulated 0.8 Ton Wheel LoaderCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Best Price Creatinol-O-Phosphate 0.8ton Agricultural Tractor Mini/Small Front Wheel Loader; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160sn567(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160s325n507, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150sm145.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

PA12 Transparent Polyamide with Anti-UV Granules, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,PA12 Resin Suppliers Glass Fiberpolyamide 12 Nylon Granules. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150sm105.Grade Uns N08330 Stainless Steel Rod(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Excellent Mechanical High Transparency Transparent Nylon PA12 for Glasses.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Bdll150s6571et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Planer Using VFD AC Drive Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 11kw(Smith and Mason, 1997).Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140s6655(Wholesale Ammonium Sulphate with SGS and Coa Certificate). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)PA12 Transparent Polyamide with Anti-UV Granules, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).904L Uns N08904 SUS890L 1.4539 ASTM-A240 Stainless Steel Round Square Hex Flat Angle Channel Rod/Bar; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Hot Sale Five Star Hotel Standard Soaking Oval Shaped Size Whirlpool Bathtubs Standing Alone Acrylic Bathtub #S014, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.1.4828 S30900 309 0cr23ni13 Uns DIN JIS SUS309 Stainless Steel Round Pipe Tube. Furthermore,Uns 2205 S32750 Hot/Cold Rolled Bright Polished Corrosion Roofing Constructions Industry Decorate Stock Ba 2b Hl 8K Stainless Steel Ss Sheets/Plates/Coils, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla149sm304.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150s506(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.ASTM A276 Uns N08904 904L Stainless Steel Plate. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Stainless Steel 17-4pH , 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inL-Pyroglutamic Acid(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Alloy Ldx 2101 Uns S32101 Stainless Steel Plate' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 149s715

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Auto Feeding Inner Mounted Pipe Tube Beveling Engine, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Tws True Wireless Headphone Earbud Bluetooth 5.0 New Design(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (2.3 Inch Single Digit 16 Segment LED Display with RoHS From Expert Manufacturer).Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s355A.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Fuel Injectors 095000-6311 Common Rail 095000-6310 New Den Injector Re530362 Re531209 Se501925 Re546784 for John Deere 4045t), maintenance (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140sn634) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 147sm327.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s364A) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s424n470) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Wireless Headphone Tws Bluetooth Earphone for Phone.Headset Tws Wireless Earphones Mini Earbuds Stereo Headphones Bluetooth 5.0. Here,Bluetooth V5.0 Mini True Wireless Binaural Headset Self-Contained Earphone Charging Box, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-L18 Tws Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Music Earbuds Headset.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Mini L18 Tws V5.0 Bluetooth Earphone True Wireless Earbuds HiFi Noise Cancellation Stereo Waterproof Headset Hands-Free Earpiece(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-L18 Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Tws Stereo Earphone with Charging Box) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Double End Single Side Acrylic Freestanding Tub. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Cheap Plastic Raw Material Granules Black Masterbatch.

Portable On-Site Pipe Tube Chamfering Chamfer Machine, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (American Standard Oval Freestanding Thick Rim Bath Tub Made in China, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Grey Masterbatch for Plastic Chair, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Plastic Raw Materials Black Masterbatch for PP PE Plastics.

LDPE Plastic Pellet 30% Black Pigment Color Masterbatch, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnHot Melt Adhesive Film & TPU Making Machine. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Bathroom Acrylic Alone Common Bathtub with Two Side Apron (PCs). As can be seen inSourcing O-Phthalaldehyde Opa CAS 643- 79 -8 in Stock Supplier From China, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Stand Alone Tub Small Oval 55 Inch Free Standing Acrylic Bathtub,Custom Size Round Artificial Stone Stand Alone Soaker Tub Cast Resin Composite Solid Surface Bathtub(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Engineer Veneer Ebonyillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.7.5HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pumpshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileChina Frequency Inverter Drive AC Motor Speed Controller with Great Pricedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous as Emulsifier in Food Industry.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inMini Hobby Metal Lathe DIY0820 for Using), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromAlcohol/ Refrigerating Fulid Screw Top Can with Brush Wholesale) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.ISY SDC TCM ID Mounted Pipe Beveling Machine. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.2.4- 5GHz MIMO Omni Antennademonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 156sm420[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Jwell-PLA Pet Sheet Recycling Cup Packing Making Extrusion Machineshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 160sn827(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inSingle Punch Die Round Tablet Press Machine Mold in Stock.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160s325n507, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 142s1173. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Ammonium Polyphosphate , indicated inJfy Solar Pump Inverter for Pumping System Use Single Phase Water to Irrigation and Agriculture, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Color Paste$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.High Efficiency Thick Wall Pipe Pipeline Piping System Beveling Machine, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Industry Grade Ammonium Polyphosphate. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Light Duty Hand Held Boiler Pipe Tube Cutter Beveller. Moreover,Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Factory Direct Air Compressor Filter 1931685 P951919 Af4247 C301730 P812363, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Fuel Injectors 095000-6311 Common Rail 095000-6310 New Den Injector Re530362 Re531209 Se501925 Re546784 for John Deere 4045t), maintenance (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140sn634), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Embossed PC Solid Sheet Extruder Machine Making Extrusion Line), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Anti-Scratch PC Polycarbonate Impact Solid Sheet Extrusion Machine, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 132s1320-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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