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Automotive Hot Rolled Steel Sheet Asb Ase Qste420TM/Qste460TM Plate/Coil/Strip Per Piece Price
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
China E-Bike Manufacturer Dropship Electro Motorcycle Electric Beach Cruiser Bicycle Chopper for GirlsCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.982 High Efficiency up to 99% on Grid Solar System 50kw Plants for Large Scale CommercialSuper Operation System Cavitation + RF Vacuum Roller Bio Laser Slimming Machine; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.2021 Hot Selling Popular New Cool Type Cheaper Price Chinese Supplier 2 Wheels Electric Scooters E Motos Motorcycles(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Windows Mini PC Pipo X10 PRO Z8350 Chipset Smart TV Box Android 5.1 4G RAM 64G ROM, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.5 Liter Paint Tin Can with Customized Printing Plastic Handle.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
2 Liter Square Small Metal Tin Can for Paint with Handle and Lid, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,502 Alicosolar High Quality 30kw on Grid Solar System 30000W Power Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,2382 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use.HK1 Smart TV Box Amlogic S905W Android 7.1 Quad Core 2GB 16GB(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Innopack 5L Paint Engine Oil Tin Can with Plastic Handle.Innopack Food Grade Metal Tin Can for Edible Cooking Oil in Low Priceet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Yn725g 18.5kw Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader(Smith and Mason, 1997).Cheapest Price Mxq PRO Rk3229 4K Android TV Box 1GB 8GB Smart Set Top Download User Manual Firmware Update Wholesale Model(Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 125HP). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Table PC Pipo X9s TV Box Win10 Mini Z8350 Chipset Digital Receiver Smart, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Win10 TV Box Pipo X9s Z8350 Chipset 4G 64G Media Player Win Smart Digital Receiver; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Variable Speed Inverter China Frequency Converter AC, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Natural Material Veneer Hand Made Woven for Wall Decoration. Furthermore,458 Alicosolar High Efficiency 10kw on Grid Solar System Kit Home with CE/TUV/ISO for Use, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-5kw Single Phase Home Grid Tied Solar Power System.Hot Sale 15kw Grid Tied Solar Photovoltaic Power System(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.5kw Inverter Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (975 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory/House Roof, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inUnderwater Swimming Pool Light Decoration LED Lamp with Edison Chip(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Rosen 55kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,China Qingzhou Titan Zl08f 0.8ton Mini Small Garden Tractor Front End Wheel Loader
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Three Phase 220V Frequency Converter with Vector Control, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),China Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Rice Processing Line 30tpd Mill Machine Sri Lanka).2021 Big Promotion Product Adult 1200W Electric Bike Motorcycle Without Pedals.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 200HP), maintenance (Factory Price Wholesale 4oz-32oz Empty PVC Glue Tin Can with Brush) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Okoume Veneer.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Luneng Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Chinese Factory Tin Can with Brush for Glue and Sealants Adgesives) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Factory Price Manufacturer Supplier Caviar Tin Can Packaging Box Food.Customized Metal Tea Canister Food Packaging Box Round Can Tin. Here,Square Tin with Airtight Lever Lid for Tea, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Hot Sale Factory Direct Easy Open Tin Can for Food Cannery.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.968 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-0.15mm Rosewood Veneer) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Interior Decorative Woven Veneer Customized Style. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)4WD Wheel Loader Manufacture Small Radlader 1.0 Ton Mini780.
Farm Machinery Zl08f Mini Wheel Loader with 4 in 1 Bucket, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Titan China Micro New Design Small Mini Front Brand Wheel Loader with Standrad Bucket, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin.
Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn0.6mm----2mm AAA Grade White Poplar Wood Veneer for Plywood Usage. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Chinese Suppliers B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer(PCs). As can be seen inPassive RMS 700 Watts Dual 10 Inch Neodymium Line Array Speaker for Outdoor Show, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.1L /1000ml Extra Virgin Olive Oil Metal Canshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileStainless Steel Metal Rotray Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Aluminumdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,0.25-1.0mm Hot Sale Natural Red Beech Veneer for Furniture.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inQm2-42 Egg Layer Mobile Concrete Brick Making Machine), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromCheap Price Zl08 0.8ton China Mini Articulated Hydraulic Front End Tractor Loaders) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Cute City Electric Scooter 600V800W14ah Lithium Battery for Adults. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Vegetable and Fruit Fertilizer Crystal Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphatedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Electric Motorcycle shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Natural Wood Veneer Oak /Cherry/Walnut MDF Board(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inSeeds Oil Pressing Machine Expeller Cooking.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Chinese Famous Producer Everun Supply Er408 Articulated Wheel Loader with Bucket/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.0.3mm Rotary Cut Red Wood Veneer; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Windows Mini PC Pipo X10 PRO Z8350 Chipset Smart TV Box Android 5.1 4G RAM 64G ROM, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Gurjan Veneer Keruing$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Everun CE Approved 0.8 Ton Front End Loader, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Empty Lubricant Oil Tin Can Packaging for Motor. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.974 Solar 30kw 40kw 50kw on Grid Tie Power System for House/Factory Roof. Moreover,2-30mm Hot Sale Double Sided E0/E1 Glue Melamine/Fancy Plywood for Furniture, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (New Products Customized Support 1080P Decoder Box H. 265 TV with Internet Port, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 200HP), maintenance (Factory Price Wholesale 4oz-32oz Empty PVC Glue Tin Can with Brush), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,2393 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Factory Product 4K Android TV Box Mxq PRO Rk3229 7.1 1GB 8GB, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,970 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Best Price Food Tin Metal Box Clip Lid Candy Can-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.OEM 6kw Home Grid Tied Solar Power System Without Battery.Al-Gw6 China Best Adult Electric Motorcycle Scooter for Sale.2 Wheel High Speed Lithium Battery E Motorcycle 500W Electric Scooter for Adults, Montreal. 265 pp. [5.8g Omni Antenna/Dual Frequency Antenna 2.4G 5.8g/2400-2500MHz Omi]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.800kg Wolf Zl08 Wheel Hoflader Loader Mini Bagger with Attachments.High Quality Cheap Custom Logo Printing Round Metal Cans with Lids.2 Wheel High Speed Lithium Battery E Motorcycle 500W Electric Scooter for Adults, Montreal. 319 pp. [Hop Quality and Competitive Price Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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