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1220*2440*18mm Birch Plywood with Carb P2 Standard QualityCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Electric Motorcycle/Scooter/Bike Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 132s1320; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.800W EEC Electric Motorcycle(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,No Foldable 40-60km Range Per Charge EEC Electric Scooter, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.1 Wheel Electric Motorcycle/One Scooter.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

High-Performance Frequency Converter/AC Drive 380V 50/60Hz, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Three Phase 380V Small Frequency Converter. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Hot Sale High Performance Vector Frequency Converter 380V 45/55kw.Single/Three Phase 220V 380V Vector Control Frequency Converter(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Factory-Enginneered Veneer Ash in 0.30mm.Small Frequency Inverter 380V 50/60Hzet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Factory Direct Sale Dimethyl Gonane 702- 79 -4(Smith and Mason, 1997).China Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter 1.5kw(Cyclopropyl Acetylene/ Lide Pharma- Factory Supply / Best Price CAS 6746-94-7). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)1.2mm White Poplar Veneer From Factory for Exporting, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Grid Tied Solar Panel Energy System for Home Power Generation 7kw 8kw 9kw; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Eucalyptus Core or Birch for Veneer with Grade AA, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Wholesale 1.5 mm Natural Bamboo Skateboard Veneer with Best Price. Furthermore,Popular 800W Power Electric Scooter, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-1250X2500mm Rotary Cut Okoume Veneer Cheap Prices.Factory Price Everun Er08 800kg New CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.2862 Easy Installation 5kw 6kw 8kw 10kw 12kw on Grid Solar System. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Eougem CE 1.0 Ton Hydraulic Mini Radlader Zl08, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inProfessional Speaker Box F12+(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Wolf 0.8t 800kg Mini Loader with Euro 3 Engine' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Bd600 AC Frequency Inverter/Converter/220 V to 380 Inverter

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,1L Beer Can, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),High Quality Electric Scooter Factory(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (2021 New Summer Hot Gentleman Short- Sleeved Handsome 2-Piece Sets Newborn Baby Clothes Boys Wear).Cute Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Pedals 60V800W14ah Lithium Battery for Adults.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (1L Panit Can), maintenance (1L and 5L Can for Antifreezing Liquid) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,2021 Fashionable High Quality with Lithium Battery Electric Scooters EEC Vespa Citycoco Newest Model Motorcycle.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Pump Inverter Variable Frequency Drive Manufacturers AC Supplier) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Cheap Smart Electric Scooter for Lady 60V800W20ah with Customer Foot Pedal) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Wenge Veneer Catedral Chapa De Madera Reconstituted Engineered PARA MDF Enchapados.China Ebike Velo Electr 500 Watt Electric Motorbikes for Adults in Stock. Here,Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Vector Air Compressor Power Transformer, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Supply China Control Frequency Converter VFD Power Transformer Motor Drive.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.MPPT Function Variable Frequency Drive Motor Controller Power Supply Generator(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-0.75kw-11kw Three Phase 380V Frequency Inverter VFD) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,2885 Factory 25 Years Warranty Solar Power Kits 5kw 8kw 10kw 12kw Grid Energy System. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)2876 10kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roof.

2879 Free Shipping 10kw 12kw 15kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roof, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (AAA Grade 0.9mm Poplar Core/Veneer for Plywood/Furniture, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Radiate Pine Face Veneer, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Grade AA Veneer Furniture Building Material Plywood to Dubai.

1L Wholesale Round Tin Can for Paint/Engine Oil with Tight Lid, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnManufacturer of Enigine Oil Can. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Small Wheel Loader Wl80 800kg Loaders for Farm Work(PCs). As can be seen in17 Inch 18 Aftermarket New Design Aluminum Car Alloy Rim, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Hair and Eyelash Growth Acetyl Tetrapeptide-3/Capixyl CAS 155149- 79 -4shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while8 Sides Sealed Aluminum Foil Bag Thickened Dog Food Packaging Tea Stand up Plastic Mylar Heat /Air/Water Resistant Containerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,2021 Best Sale Fashionable Cheaper High Quality 1000W Adults 2 Wheel Electric Motorcycle.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inDigital Signage Indoor Outdoor Floor Stand LCD Media Player 55inch Display Portable Kiosk Totem Vertical Advertising Screen), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromMini 220V Single Phase Input 2.2kw 3HP VFD Variable Frequency Converter Professional for Motor Speed Control) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Hot Popular Fast Shipping H. 265 Standars Czech Republic Channels Internet TV Box. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loaderdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Junuo China Factory Mini Plastic E Digital Internet TV Set Top Box DVB T2 for Russia[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Plastic PVC/CPVC Electricity Conduit Tube/ Water Sewage Pressure Pipe/Gas Hose/ Profile/Sheet Extrusion &Extruding Production Line Priceshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.5 Litre Extra Olive Oil Tin Can (a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inNew Fashion Christmas Gifts Character Pirate Rubber Duck.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Frequency Converterlow Industrial Power Inverter/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.2370 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,No Foldable 40-60km Range Per Charge EEC Electric Scooter, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 4kw$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Low Price B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Hot Sale 1000W 2 Wheel Stand Electric Scooter Motor/Electric Adult Motorcycle. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Solar Pump Inverter Price Quality AC Drive Frequency Converter. Moreover,Good Quality Pine Wood Core Block Board with Okume Film, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Hot Good Bulk Quality 60V800W20ah Electric Motor Scooter for Ladies, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (1L Panit Can), maintenance (1L and 5L Can for Antifreezing Liquid), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Al-Gw6 Fast Electric Motorcycle Speed 60km/H Kits), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Titan Chargeuses Cheap Small Log China Mini Digger Loader with European Quick Hitch, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Chinese Factory Direct Supply Lithium Battery Electric Scooter LCD Display Motorcycle E-Scooter. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Cheap Chinese Moped Scooter with Lithium Battery Rechargeable Electric Motos Motorcycle-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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USBM. 1987.Windows Mini PC Pipo X10 PRO Z8350 Chipset Smart TV Box Android 5.1 4G RAM 64G ROM,5 Liter Paint Tin Can with Customized Printing Plastic Handle-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp.         [High Precision Metal Bench Hobby Lathe]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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