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UL3133 600V 150c 24AWG 22AWG Stranded Silicone Hook up Wire
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Quality Assurance O-PhthalaldehydeCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Zl08 800kg Mini Tractors with Front End Dumper LoaderModern Leisure Sofa Chair Living Room Furniture Lift Reclineable Electric Massage; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.China Everun Er408t 0.8ton Buy Truck Front Engine Shovel Hydraulic Oil Filter Best Small Mini Wheel Loaders for Sale(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,AC Drive Using Solution Building Hoist Construction Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 22kw, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.AC Drive for Bridge Crane VFD Using Mono Overhead 3pH 380V 15kw.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Construction Machine Mini Loader Zl08 with Factory Price Front End, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Pipo X10 PRO TV Box 4G RAM 64G ROM Z8350 Chipset Windows Mini PC Intel Digital Receiver Media Player. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Hybrid 3kw Solar Grid Tied Roof Top System Home Power.Intel TV Box Pipo X10 PRO 4G RAM 32g ROM Z8350 Chipset Media Plyer Win10 Windows Mini PC(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz Fan Speed Controller Solar Power Inverter China.Mini 220V Single Phase Input 2.2kw 3HP VFD Variable Frequency Converter Professional for Motor Speed Controlet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 30watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light(Smith and Mason, 1997).Variable Frequency Converter Type Input 3 pH Drive Price Power Inverter Fan Motor(18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Light). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)General Type Input 3 pH 380V Frequency Converter Variable AC Drive, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).0.8ton Agricultural Tractor Mini/Small Front Wheel Loader; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Teak Wood Veneer Woven Design for Plywood Door, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.AC Drive Using Solution Building Hoist Construction Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 7.5kw. Furthermore,Zl08 Wheel Loader Wl80 Wolf Mini, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Zl08 0.8ton Articulated Hydraulic Farm Wheel Loader Tractor.Popular hot selling 0.8ton mini wheel loader/ front end loader with bucket on sale(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.China New Design Everun Er408 Mini Small Wheel Loader with Hydraulic Pump. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (3 Phase AC Drive for Water Pump and Fan, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inChina Best Price Sell 99% USP Grade Chemicals Supplements L-Arginine Raw Powder CAS: 74- 79 -3(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;910 Alicosolar 10kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Factory-Okoume Veneer 0.25mm-0.60mm in a and B Grade
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Engineered Ebony Veneer Ecowood Reconstituted Macassar Quarter Cut, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),899 Alicosolar 9kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (3D Chrome Emblem).Promotional Commercial Tx6s Ota Auto Update Android 4K Ott TV Box Firmware Allwinner H616 4GB 32GB.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (3phase VFD), maintenance (0.75kw 1HP AC Frequency Inverter) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Round Gloss Tin Can Metal for Edible Olive Oil Canning.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Universal Vector Inverter) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Frequency Inverter 220V 50/60Hz 60HP Three Phases Acdrive) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.High-Performance Variable Frequency Inverter 3-Phase 380V.Wl80 Mini Loader From Wolf. Here,Wolf Mini Wheel Loader Wl950 Farm, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Zl08 0.8 Ton Mini/Small Articulated Hydraulic Front End Wheel Loader.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Tin Cans with Metal Cover for Paint or Chemical Packaging(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Yihe Brand 300-600m Face/Core Veneer Door Furniture Paper Tape Reeling and Gummed for Joining Repairing) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,5L Chemical Oil Tinplate Can with Metal Press Cover. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)15L Tinplate Closed Paint Bucket Water Based Glue Metal Pail.
0.28mm Red Oak Artificial Veneer, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Olive Oil Metal Container Edible Tin Can with Plastic Lid, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
5L Engine Motor Oil Can Screw Top Rectangular Metal Tin, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Pipo X8 Win 10 + Android 4.4 Dual Boot Intel Z3736f Mini PC TV Box Wholesale Smart Set Top.
Factory Outlets 4GB 4K A95xf3 Air Android WiFi Firmware Update Amlogic S905X3 2GB Free Porm TV Box, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnNew Product T95 Max+ S905X3 World 9.0 6K 4G Lte Download User Manual for Max 4K Smart Android Box TV. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Food Grade 280ml Empty Tin Can for Camellia Oil(PCs). As can be seen inStrong Corrosion Resistance High Overload Pressure Sensor, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Rectangular Glue Tin Can Empty Clear Paint,Metal Tinplate Container Engine Oil Can with Screw Cap(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Guangzhou Manufacturer Empty Anti Bacterial Diesel Additive Can for Fuel Cleanerillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.50Hz 60Hz 220V/380V Vector Control AC Variable Frequency Driveshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileCustom CNC Machining Stainless Steel Small Tablet Press Machine Parts Pill Shape Mold Punches and Diesdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Square Tin Paint Packaging Can Lubricant Oil Containers.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in125kVA/100kw Soundproof Power Generator Genset Diesel Engine Set for Real Estate), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromAsh Solid Wood decoration Board) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Citycoco Electric Motorcycle E6 Cheap OEM E Bike. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.High Fidelity Professional Line Array Speaker demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,800W Deft Fresh Type Drum Brake Brushless Motor Electric Motorcycle[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.15L Tinplate Closed Paint Bucket Water Based Glue Metal Pailshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Euro5(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inSee Larger Im150ml Flint Custom Glass Bottle Ketchup with Cap.
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Cost model for variable-Retro Scooters
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].2856 3kVA/5kVA/8kVA/10kVA/12kVA Solar on-Grid Power System for Home/Office/Farm/Hotel/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.HK1 S905W 2g 16g 7.1 Android TV Box of New Product Set Top with Low Price Kd Player 17.0; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,AC Drive Using Solution Building Hoist Construction Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 22kw, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Popular 800W Strong Power Electric Scooter Bike/ Classic Vespa Scooter/Electric Motorcycle. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.72V20ah Battery 800W Motor 60km Distance Range Electric Motorcycle, indicated inChinese Famous Brand Canmax Wheel Loader Cm908 Using Hydraulic Pump Machinery Can Be Used in Farms, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
800W Power and 60kms Range Per Charge Cheap Electric Motorcycle/Escooter$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Frequency Converter Special for Driving Asynchronous Motors 380V 50/60Hz, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Multi Birch Veneer Plywood Manufacturer. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Empty Round Tin Can Paint Package Container. Moreover,Factory-Engineer White Oak Veneer in 0.25mm, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Rectangular Brake Oil Container Motor Engine Tin Can, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (3phase VFD), maintenance (0.75kw 1HP AC Frequency Inverter), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Customized Multi Birch Veneer Plywood Manufacturer), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Edible Oil Can Manufacturer Square Food Grade Metal Tin, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,China Titanhi Zl08 800kg Compact Agricultural 0.8t Micro Pay Loader 4WD. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Compact structure mini loader/wheel loader/ with 0.8ton bucket for building construction-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Square Engine Oil Can Metal Paint Tin Container with Plastic Lid.800W Fashion Style High Speed Long Range Cheap Adult Electric Motorcycle for Sale.Cheap Small Electric Scooter Moped 800W Motorcycle, Montreal. 265 pp. [Hot Sale 0.6m 5GHz Parabolic Antenna with Gian 28dBi]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Everun CE Approved 0.8 Ton Front End Loader3 Liter Tin Packing Chemical Can with SpoutCorresponding author