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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Living Room Lounge Furniture Sofa Fabric 3 Seater Couch(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Stable Quality 1year Qhdtv HD IPTV Abonnement Reseller Panel Lxtream Code All Europe Italy UK USA Spain France Arabic Morocco Channel, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Customization Available Modern Popular Home Furniture Set Living Room Leather Sofa.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Cafe Bar Table Wrought Iron Home Living Room Dining, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,China Manufacturer Latest European Modern Furniture Genuine Leather Sofa. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Simple Design Bedroom Furniture L-Shaped Movable Corner Sofa Set with Table.New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa (Khalesiet al.,2015).

Latest L Shape Genuine Leather /Bonded /PU /Fabric Flat Bedroom Furniture Sofa Bed.Wholesale Arabic Style Modular Furniture Top Genuine Leather Living Room Set with Tea Tableet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for DSP Active Line Array Speaker(Smith and Mason, 1997).Quad Core Media Player Mxq PRO S905W Android Best Kodiiptv Set Top Box TV with SIM Card Slot(Popular Medical Device Automatic Bone Densitometer). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)High Quality Footbath Sofa / Foot Massage, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa ; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,SP-KS410) Customized Fabric Softwood Frame Sofa, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.IPTV Reseller Panel for Qhdtv Susbcription 1year Code Wholesale 1500+ Live & VOD Sports News Channels Arabic French Belgium African Andoird TV Box. Furthermore,Modern European Style Noble House Furniture Large Sectional Fabric Sofa, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Factory Offer Nordic Removable and Washable Livingroom Fabric Sofa.1 Year Qhdtv Abonnement IPTV Subscription Code Europe Spain Portugal France Italia Arabic Italy French Belgium for Android Smart TV Box M3u(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.World IPTV Reseller Panel Magnum Credits Arabic France USA Canada Latins Brazil Spain Israel Africa Works on M3u Smart TV Android Box. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (800kg Wheel Loader Mini 780 Radlader, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inPA System 5 Inch 100V 20W 8ohm Rimless Coaxial 2-Way Ceiling Speaker with Kevlar Driver(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Quilted Fabric Sofa Couch Bed Set Armchear Furniture' names:

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►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Nordic Leather Sofa Modern Simple Three Seats, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Best Selling Modern Design Living Room Classic Leather Recliner Massage Chinese Home Furniture(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Medical Oxygen Concentrator with Low Purity Alarm Pulse Probe Nebulizer).Wholesale Folding Bed Space Saving Furniture Sofa Modern Recliner.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Wholesale Price Modern Italy Leather/ Fabric Couch Sofa Corner Home Furniture), maintenance (2021 New Modern Design Living Room Leather Sofa) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Tx6s H616 4GB 32GB VGA IPTV Brasil Android RAM ROM 6GB 8K 2GB 16GB 10.0 2021 Box TV.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (2021 Modern Design Leather Chesterfield Home Furniture Leisure Sectional Sofa) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (High Quality European Style Modern Furniture) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.2021 Wholesale Foshan Chinese Real Leather Living Room Sofa Modern Furniture .VFD Ultra-Low-Noise Delixi 55kw 720va Variable Frequence Inverter. Here,Modern Home Furniture Living Room Leather Fabric Electric Massage Lounge Leisure Recliner Sofa, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-7.5kw VFD Drives/ Frequence Inverter/Converter/ AC Drive Enc.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Wholesale Folding Bed   Recliner Sofa Beds Fabric(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Modern Furniture) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Foshan Factory Wholesale High Quality Living Room Leather Sofa. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Tx6s H616 32GB ROM Recorder Android 4GB RAM Stick Set Top 2021 SIM Card Ott WiFi Andriod Smart TV Box.

Motor Electronic Power Frequency Converter 380V 2.2kw, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Pipo X8 Mini PC Smart TV Box, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Twisan Honoured Production 800kg Small Front End Loader with High Quality, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Frequency Inverter 380V 50/60Hz.

15kw Frequency Inverter for Solar Panel and Fan Pump Input 380-600V DC, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnAC Drive for Bridge Crane VFD Using Mono Overhead 3pH 380V 11kw. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Mini Variable-Frequency Drive/ VFD /Adjustable-Frequency Drive /Afd/ Variable-Voltage/Variable-Frequency /Vvvf/Drive/ Variable Speed /VSD/AC(PCs). As can be seen inPerkins Engine Spare Parts Belt Seal - Cyl Head Cover Gasket Cylinder 1206A-E70ttag1 1206A-E70ttag2 1206A-E70ttag3 3652973 T407192 T416223, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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50 to 60 Hz Frequency Converter,AC Variable Vector Frequency Inverter(CSFM) is presented here as an example.China Manufactory Supplier Health Coffee Slimming Anti Ageing Tea Food Packaging Foil Bag Popcorn Envelope Plastic Mylar Pouchillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.China Plywood for The Furniture/Constructionshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while18'' Subwoofer Speaker Box Ls1200demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Chinese Supplier of Variable Frequency Drive/AC/DC Motor Speed Controller.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inProfessional New Design Hotel Amenities Set), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromPAR56 316ss 18watt LED Underwater Swimming Pool Lights with PC Niche) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.AC Drive Frequnce Converter 5.5kw Pump Use . The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Super Fashion Cheap Electric Scooter 60V 72V Long Range Powerful Motorcycledemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,0.8 Ton Mini Wheel Loader with Lowest Price[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Pharmaceutical Grade Raw Powder 99% Purity Medrogestone 977- 79 -7shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.VFD AC Drive(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inTelevision 4K Smart LED TV.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Water Pump Frequency Inverter/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Small Variable-Frequency Drive ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Stable Quality 1year Qhdtv HD IPTV Abonnement Reseller Panel Lxtream Code All Europe Italy UK USA Spain France Arabic Morocco Channel, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.0.8ton Zl08f Small Wheel Loader. Moreover,Loading Machine, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Mini Radlader with Ce for Germany and Sweden Market, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Wholesale Price Modern Italy Leather/ Fabric Couch Sofa Corner Home Furniture), maintenance (2021 New Modern Design Living Room Leather Sofa), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,China Compact Payloader Zl08 Mini Front End Wheel Loader with Ce), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Farm Equipment 800kg Small Loader Payloader for Sale, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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