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Sea Freight from China to Belgium Meerhout
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla152sm043Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Accredited Ce E Bike Batteries 36V 48V Ebike Battery 10ah-40ah LithiumEEC EPA Extreme Adult RC Snowmobile; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.50cc Motorcycle(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Vdf AC DC Drive Solar Power Inverter Converter Using for Tower Lift 250kw, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Zhenhua Classic Motorcycle Dax 125cc Euro4.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Super Cooling Smart Electric Scooter 500W 800W Motorcycle, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Wholesale 1L Round Empty Fully Synthetic Brake Oil Tin Can with Metal or Aluminum Caps. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Scooter / Motorcycle Electric Motor Power 800W 1kw 2kw 3kw.5GHz Dual Pol Sector Antenna with Enclosure(Khalesiet al.,2015).
5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarized Enclosure Antenna .2.4/ 5GHz 10dBi Rubber WiFi Antennaet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for China Manufacturers Offer Cheap Price Front End Mini Shovel Loader 800 Kg(Smith and Mason, 1997).Customized 36V 12ah 10 AMP Electric E Bike Li-ion Battery Pack 48volt Ebike Lithium Ion(Medical Automatic Ultrasound Bone Densitometer in Low Price). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)5GHz 18dBi Sector WiFi Antenna, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).125cc Retro Scooter Motorcycle; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Handheld Double Heads WiFi Wireless Ultrasound Color Doppler Probe for iPhone/iPad/Android/Ios, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Hot Selling 800W Brushless Motor Electric Scooter Motorcycle. Furthermore,Lady's E-Scooter 800W Hot Sale Made in China, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-High Quality Electric Motorbike with 800W Motor.800W 72V China Electric Tricycle for Handicapped(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Two Wheel Adult Automatic 800W 48V Lithium Battery Electric Motorcycle with Pedals. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (5GHz Antenna High Gain 16dBi Panel, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inManufacturer Wholesale Good Quality Empty 1lt Metal Paint Glue Tin Cans with Lever Flat Pry Lid(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;2021 New Design Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with CE RoHS IP68 Reports' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,5GHz 27dBi Enclosure WiFi Antenna
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,TUV Certificate Gried Tied on Grid 20kw Solar PV System, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),High Quality 18W 12V Resin Filled Flat LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light with Edison Chip(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Automatic Laboratory Paperboard Bursting Strength Testing Equipment for).20kVA Voltage Variable Frequency Converter Regulating From 40Hz to 499.9Hz 0-520V.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (3 pH 11kw Chinese AC Control Frequence Inverter Variable Speed Drive Power Converter), maintenance (Water Proof Vet Ultrasound Scanner) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Three Phase Vector Frequence Converter with High Performance.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for BMW 1/2/3/4/5/6/7 Series) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (16"X6.0" 16'x7.0' 16X8.0 16X10 Trailer Steel Rim Wheel) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.AC Drive Frequnce Converter Frequence Inverter Manufacturer Supplier.14"X5.0"J 14'x5.5'j 14X6.0j 14X7.0j Inch Steel Wheel for Sport Trailer. Here,Home or Commercial 5kw 5000W Solar Grid Tied Power Generation System Good Service, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Eougem Zl08 0.8 Ton Mini/Small Articulated Hydraulic Mini Front End Loader.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Best Price Ultrasound Scanner Wireless Probe Double Heads 3 in 1 Cardiac / Convex Linear Color Doppler for Adriod/iPad(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Ultrasonic a B Scan Ophthalmic Eye Ultrasound Scanner with Low Price) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Ce Approved Medical Portable Bone Densitometer Ultrasound Machine . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Vitreous Hemorrhage .
500kw on Grid Tied Hybrid Solar Power Plant Station System, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (High Quality Classic China Motor Cargo Three Wheel Motorcycle , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Motorcycle with Dryweight 120-220kg, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Ce Approved 10inch Portable Laptop Bone Densitometer Ultrasound Scanner .
Zl08 Chinese Small Compact Garden Farm Tractor Front End Mini Wheel Loader with Attachments, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnB5 200cc 250cc 300cc Cargo Tricycle with Cabin Motorcycle Three Wheel Loncin Zongshen Lifan Engine. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Growatt 50000W 60000W 70000W 80000W Grid Tied Solar Inverter(PCs). As can be seen inProfessional Line Array System Single 10 Inch Neodymium Vr10, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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ACTIVE AL908 0.8 ton Mini Wheel Loader with Wood Gripper and Pallet Fork,Sp-1000ap Ophthalmic a Scan and Pachymeter(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Factory Wholesales Painkiller Solutions Free Sample Novocaine CAS: 51-05-8 Canada Procaine Promotionillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Ce IP67 2.5mm2~6.0mm2 Male/Female DC 1000V Mc4 Solar Cable Connectorshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileWholesale Plastic Square 1 Liter Fertilizer Bottledemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Adult 150cc 200cc 300cc EPA Approved Three Wheel Mptorcycle Scooter.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inUnique Product Modern Nordic Chandelier Installation Living Room Silk Cocoon), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromWireless PA System for Classroom and Church) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.China Supplier Ophthalmic Equipment Ultrasound Ab Scan. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Proxima Entertainment S-320 Speakerdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Vimode Electric Scooter Adult Motorcycle for Adults 800W[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.No Flicker Glare High Purity RGB Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Lights with Edison Chipshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.150cc/200cc/250cc / 300cc Three Wheel Cargo Motorcycle /Tricycle(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inSoft Enamel with Epoxy Badge Pin.
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Cost model for variable-Heavy Duty Tricycle 250cc
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Electric Motorcycle Fashion Design 800W with Removable Battery/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.City Scooter 800W Long Range Electric; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Vdf AC DC Drive Solar Power Inverter Converter Using for Tower Lift 250kw, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
800W Electric Scooter Motorcycle Bicycle with Folding Rack. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Wholesale Adult Tricycle Price Adults Tuk Motorcycle in India, indicated in350cc Motorcycle with Double-Cylinder & Water-Cooled Engine , and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Sporty 500W/ 800W /1000W$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.5GHz 10dBi Outdoor WiFi Omni Antenna , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Ho-500 Ce Approved High Quality Eye Diagnosis System Ophthalmic Ultrasound Scanner. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Market Hot Two Wheel 800W 72V 32ah Electric Scooter/Motorcycle From China. Moreover,Vimode 2021 New Trend 800W 1000W 1500W China Adult Electric Motorcycle Sale, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Police Motorcycle 250cc, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (3 pH 11kw Chinese AC Control Frequence Inverter Variable Speed Drive Power Converter), maintenance (Water Proof Vet Ultrasound Scanner), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,125cc Scooter EEC Popular Motor Alex), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.250cc Three Wheel Cargo Motor Tricycle , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Motorbicycle with Stable Wheels. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.2021 60km/H Electric/Pull Starting System 4 Stroke 150cc Adult Gasolina Gokart Kart Racing Go for Sale Cheap-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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High Quality Classic China Motor Cargo Three Wheel Motorcycle , A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-0-20dB 75 Ohm CATV Variable Adjustable Attenuator Equalizer.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Pain Relleving Patch Topical Lidocaine Spray137-58-6 UK Warehouse Free Sample]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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