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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Zl08 Chargeuse Wheel Loader(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Professional Manufacturer Everun Er08 CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.500W EEC Electric scooter.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Electric Motorcycle , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Solar Electric Motorcycle. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Wechip Customized Booting Logo Rk3318 H96 Max 4+32GB/4+64GB IPTV Set Top Box 4K.OEM 1500W EEC Electric Scooter (Khalesiet al.,2015).

New Arrival 4K Smart S905X2 TV Box 4+64GB X96 Mini.0.25mm Natural Wood Face Veneeret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Genuine Perkins Diesel Engine Spare Parts T414546 Original Cylinder Head Assembly(Smith and Mason, 1997).2L Empty Tin Container for Engine Oil Lubricant(20MHz Skin Rejuvenation Vacuum RF Lifting Machine). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)High-Performance Three Phase Frequency Converter 380V 50/60Hz, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Electric Motorcycle ; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,EEC Electric Scooter , the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.800w /1100w EEC Electric Scooter . Furthermore,Factory Produce Natural Face Veneer Size 1220X1830X0.25mm, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Electric Motorcycle/Scooter/Bike .800W EEC Electric Motorcycle(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.No Foldable 40-60km Range Per Charge EEC Electric Scooter. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (1 Wheel Electric Motorcycle/One Scooter, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inMars Solar 350W 360W Panel Complete Power System 30kw Grid Tied Inverter with WiFi for Commercial Use(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;High-Performance Frequency Converter/AC Drive 380V 50/60Hz' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Small Frequency Inverter 380V 50/60Hz

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,China Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter 1.5kw, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),1.2mm White Poplar Veneer From Factory for Exporting(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Whole Sale High Quality Promotional Performance Square Wine Insulated PP Non Woven Cooler Bag).Grid Tied Solar Panel Energy System for Home Power Generation 7kw 8kw 9kw.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Eucalyptus Core or Birch for Veneer with Grade AA), maintenance (Wholesale 1.5 mm Natural Bamboo Skateboard Veneer with Best Price) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Popular 800W Power Electric Scooter.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (1250X2500mm Rotary Cut Okoume Veneer Cheap Prices) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Factory Price Everun Er08 800kg New CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.2862 Easy Installation 5kw 6kw 8kw 10kw 12kw on Grid Solar System.Eougem CE 1.0 Ton Hydraulic Mini Radlader Zl08. Here,Wolf 0.8t 800kg Mini Loader with Euro 3 Engine, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-500- 800W 48V 20ah OEM manufacturers Electric Scooter.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.800W Brushless Adult Electric Scooter(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-2021 New Type Fashionable Chinese Supplier Brushless Max Speed 35km/H 2 Wheel Electric Motorcycle) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Best Chinese Big Wheel Electric Motorcycle Racing Bike Adult Bicycle. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Bd600 AC Frequency Inverter/Converter/220 V to 380 Inverter.

1L Beer Can, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (High Quality Electric Scooter Factory, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Cute Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Pedals 60V800W14ah Lithium Battery for Adults, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,1L Panit Can.

1L and 5L Can for Antifreezing Liquid, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn2021 Fashionable High Quality with Lithium Battery Electric Scooters EEC Vespa Citycoco Newest Model Motorcycle. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Pump Inverter Variable Frequency Drive Manufacturers AC Supplier(PCs). As can be seen inDiesel Engine Used for Silent Generator Set with Multy-Cylinder, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.1220*2440*18mm Birch Plywood with Carb P2 Standard Qualityshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileDiesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 132s1320demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Vector Air Compressor Power Transformer.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inStainless Steel Milk Chilling Machine), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromBintangor Okoume Pencil Ceder Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.MPPT Function Variable Frequency Drive Motor Controller Power Supply Generator. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Vitamin a Palmitate CAS 79 -81-2demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,0.75kw-11kw Three Phase 380V Frequency Inverter VFD[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.High Quality Hot Sale PC Epoxy Resin Filled 12V AC 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chipsshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.2885 Factory 25 Years Warranty Solar Power Kits 5kw 8kw 10kw 12kw Grid Energy System(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inShipping Agent Air Freight Service DHL.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].2879 Free Shipping 10kw 12kw 15kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roof/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.AAA Grade 0.9mm Poplar Core/Veneer for Plywood/Furniture; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Professional Manufacturer Everun Er08 CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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1L Wholesale Round Tin Can for Paint/Engine Oil with Tight Lid$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Manufacturer of Enigine Oil Can, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Small Wheel Loader Wl80 800kg Loaders for Farm Work. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.1L Tin Can for Camellia Oil . Moreover,CE Best Pedal Assist Scooters Motor Powerful Electric Motorcycle for Adults CKD Fashionable Mobility, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Mxq 4K PRO Allwinner H3 Quad 7.1 1GB RAM 8GB ROM H. 265 3D Android Media TV Box, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Eucalyptus Core or Birch for Veneer with Grade AA), maintenance (Wholesale 1.5 mm Natural Bamboo Skateboard Veneer with Best Price), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,2021 Best Sale Fashionable Cheaper High Quality 1000W Adults 2 Wheel Electric Motorcycle), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Set Top Box T95q S905X2 4G 32g Android 9.0 HD TV Kodi Quad Core, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Hot Popular Fast Shipping H. 265 Standars Czech Republic Channels Internet TV Box. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Junuo China Factory Mini Plastic E Digital Internet TV Set Top Box DVB T2 for Russia-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

References

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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