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Disposable doctor instrument absorbent baby diaper
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Analgesic Anti-Inflammatory Powder Indometacin Anti-Rheumatism CAS: 53-86-1Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Veterinary Medicine Levamisole Hydrochloride CAS 16595-80-5 HClCAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Speaker System High Power H3(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,CAS No.: 67-63-0 Colorless Transparent Liquid Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% Used as Raw Materals in Pharmaceutical, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Ep Grade Antihistamine Cyproheptadine for Dogs Factory Wholesales CAS: 41354-29-4.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
500W Powered Speaker Professional Sound Line Array System , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Proxima Entertainment Z-450 Digtal Speaker. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Professional Stage Bass Sound System 15 Inch Subwoofer Speaker Ls500.Lat210A Srx700 Series PA Sound System Professional Speakers(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Professional Public Address Mini Onwall Line Array Speaker .Q1--Dual10 Inch Line Array Speakeret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 0.8t Multifunctional Hydraulic Wheel Loader for Farm(Smith and Mason, 1997).12inches PA Speaker Audio Component(Diesel Dump Central Steering Drive Three Wheeler From China for Sale). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Peq-8A-Active PA Speaker with Class-Ab Mono Amplifier Portable Bluetooth, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Portable Black Floor Tripod Speaker Stand Adjustable for 12 Inch PA; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Power Amplifiers PA Speaker System Amplifier 1000 Watt, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Wholesales Organic Intermediate 1. Furthermore,Audio J812 Loudsspeaker Line Array PA System Speaker Plan Three Way Dual 12 Inches PRO Sell, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Live/Installed Sound System PRO Speaker Box .Outdoor Double 6" Full Range Speakers 12" Active Subwoofer Professional Audiomini Live Bands System for Musician PA(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Professional Speaker with Laser Light . However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (XL-GF15 15-Inch 400W-800W Two-Way Two-Unit Full Frequency Professional Stage Equipment Speaker, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFactory Price Agricultrue Fertilizer with Caprolactam Grade(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Professional Multifunction Active Stage Speaker Wood Bt with Laser Lights' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Quality Phena
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Manufacturer Supply Raw Material Levamisole Powder CAS 14769-73-4, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),18" Fane Style Aluminum Speaker Frame(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Frozen Mixed Vegetable California Style Mix).18" Die Cast P-Auido Style Aluminum Frame.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Professional Stage Active Line Array Speaker with DSP), maintenance (Single 18" Subwoofer Speaker Box) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Wholesales Veterinary Drugs Tiletamine HCl 14176-50-2 USA Warehouse.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (12" Professional Rcf Style Speaker Frame) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Horn Professional Speaker H3) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Coaxial Loudspeaker TD12.18'' Subwoofer Speaker Box Ls1200. Here,Dual 12" Subwoofer Speaker Box, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-DV Portable Speaker 12 Inch 1600W Subwoofer Box Audio Professional.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Fast Delivery 1(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Professional Speaker Box F12+) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Df B&C Trees Speaker Subwoofer Audio Professional. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)15'' Coaxial Speaker .
Customs Guaranteed 1, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (China Factory Supply Ethylmagnesium Bromide CAS 925-90-6, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Ltk One 12" Woofers and 3" Driver Compact Coaxial Line Array Speaker, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Manufacturer Supply Bdo Novel Intermediate 1.
Tetracaina HCl Tetracaine Base Depuracao Segura Mercado 100% Brasileiro, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn99% Pain Reliever Local Anesthetic Powder Tetracaine CAS 94-24-6. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).China Factoty Supply Levamisole HCl CAS16595-80-5 Hydrochloride Tetramisole(PCs). As can be seen inModern Home Living Room Furniture 2-Seat Leisure Sofa for Walmart, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Dual 6inch Loudspeaker for Coffee Room Restaurant Conference Speakers,Dm 15 Inch PA Full Sound Systems Professional PRO Speaker(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Softel 24 Channel Optional RF Fixed Analog Modulatorillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Double 6inch Powered Line Array Speakershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileFat Boy Bean Bag Cover for Sportsdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,12inch KTV Bar PA Full Sound Speaker System Audio.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inFactory OEM Private Label 8ml Nail Gel Polish Manicure), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHigh Toughness and Tensile Strength Resin 610) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.12" Die Cast Aluminum PA Speaker Frame. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.50 to 60 Hz Frequency Converterdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,PA Speaker Dual 18" Subwoofer System[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Carb Grade 18mm Commercial Plywoodshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.PA Speaker with Line Array Tweeter Horn (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inDojiabao Perfume Soap Powder.
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Cost model for variable-Active Mini Line Array Speaker with DSP Amplifier Module
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Quality Certified Product Ethyl 2-Phenylacetoacetate CAS: 5413-05-8 BMK Powder/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Quality Karaoke Loudspeaker with B&C Compression Driver; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,CAS No.: 67-63-0 Colorless Transparent Liquid Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% Used as Raw Materals in Pharmaceutical, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
99% Tetracaine Hydrochloride/ HCl Powder CAS 136-47-0. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Factory Supply BMK Powder Glycidate CAS: 5413-05-8, indicated inChinese Suppliers Okoume Wood Face Veneer for Malaysia, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
China Factory Supply CAS 99-93-4 4-Hydroxyacetophenone$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Chinese Manufacturer Bulk Stock Pmk Intermediates16648-44-5 BMK White Powder, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)99.9% High Purity Prilocaine Hydrochloride/Prilocaine HCl CAS 1786-81-8. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.High Quality 4'-Hydroxyacetophenone CAS 99-93-4 4-Hydroxyacetophenone with Best Price. Moreover,Factory Bulk Stock Pmk Intermediates BMK White Powder CAS: 16648-44-5, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (99% BMK White Powder Glycidate Bulk Sales CAS: 16648-44-5, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Professional Stage Active Line Array Speaker with DSP), maintenance (Single 18" Subwoofer Speaker Box), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,99% 4'-Hydroxyacetophenone CAS 99-93-4 100% Pass Customs), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.62442 Shiny and Non Phena Powder 62 44 2, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Quality Guaranteed BMK White Powder CAS: 16648-44-5 Glycidate. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Hair Loss Treatment Acetyl Tetrapeptide-3/Capixyl CAS 827306-88-7 Purity Min 99% Powder-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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China Factory Supply Ethylmagnesium Bromide CAS 925-90-6, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Wholesales Aminobutyric Acid Organic Solvents 1litre Reagentplus T-Butyrolactone Fast Delivery.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 160HP]
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USBM. 1987.Kara Line Array Speakers Double 8 Inch Concert,Top Quality Isopropyl Alcohol -metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Ml High Absorption Adult Diaper Night Overnight]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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