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High Brightness Supermarket Advertising Stadium P4 P5 P6 P8 P10 mm Full Color Screen Waterproof Indoor Outdoor LED Display
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
30W Dante Wall Speaker with External 24V DC Power Supply Dp 430Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.15-20 Inch Quality Auto Alloy Wheels 4*4 Wheel for TrailerYn725g 18.5kw Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Efficiency Waterproof Grid Tied PV Inverter 230V DC to AC(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Finished Surface HD Truck Wheel 17.5inch Rims Steel, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.250CC Go Kart .
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Retro Electric Motorcycle Scooter . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Carb Approved Birch Plywood.Low Power Elevator Inverter 12kw with Controller(Khalesiet al.,2015).
High Quality 18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood.1.5kw 220V Frequency Converter Single Phase 380 3et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Tin Can Manufacturer Customizable Cmyk Automotive Paint Rectangle Cans(Smith and Mason, 1997).Carb Approved Birch Plywood(Crovell Supply Raw Material CAS 104-29-0 Chlorphenesin for Cosmetic). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Carb E0 Cabinet Grade 18mm Plywood in High Quality, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).1.5kw 220V Frequency Inverter Brands AC Drive for Electric Motor; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,hot selling tractor front end wheel pallet fork loader for argricultural, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Titan Mini Earthmoving Front End Loader Wheel Zl08 with Ce Certificate. Furthermore,Carb Bleach White Poplar Plywood LVL 12mm 18mm, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Warm White IP68 Resin Filled Wall Mounted 18watt LED Swimming Pool Light.Wolf Loader Wl80 Zl08 Radlader Mini Wheel(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.2021 New Design Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (High Quality Carb Certified Birch Faced Furniture Plywood, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inMax Source Fiber Machine Laser Marking for Vin Number(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;UV Birch Plywood with Poplar Core Carb E0 Glue From Factory' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Quality Aluminum Alloy Wheels Rims
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Truck Rim Steel Polished 17.5 Inch Wheel, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Sunpal 150kw Solar Grid Tied System Low Price(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (blue Chiffon Beading Party Prom Cocktail Gowns Beach Evening Dress).5GHz 19dBi Enclosure WLAN Antenna.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (16 17 18 Inch Vossen CV5 Alloy Wheel), maintenance (VFD Air Compressor Asynchronous Variable Frequency Drive) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Tubeless Steel Wheel .076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Home Application on Grid Tied Solar Power System 3kw) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Home Use Cheap Solar Panel System 10kw Grid Tied Kit) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports.5GHz Antenna High Gain 32dBi. Here,5GHz Dual Polarization Enclosure WLAN Antenna, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-32dBi 5GHz WLAN Antenna.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Brown Black Opaque Chemical Industrial Container 100ml Flip Top Cap Bottle(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-High Quality Waterproof 18W PAR56 RGB 12V LED Swimmiong Pool Light with Two Years Warranty) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Nicheless Flat Resin Filled Thin 12W Wall Mounted IP68 RGB Underwater LED Swimming Pool Lights. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)2.5A 0.4kw IP20 Jarol Variable Frequency Drive.
No Flicker Glare Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (High Quality Underwater Swimming Pool Light Decoration LED Lamp, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
17 Inch Machined Aftermarket Alloy Wheel , R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,2021 New Design Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty.
New Electric Beatiful on Road 800W Scooter E-Motorcycle, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn5GHz 15dBi Dual Polarization Enclosure WiFi Antenna. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Modern City Leisure Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Lithium Battery (PCs). As can be seen inFactory 18L Wholesale Large Square Aluminium Tin Can with Screw Top Lid, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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7.5kw MPPT with High Efficiency Solar Water Pump Controller,Carb P2 AA/Bb Grade Birch/Okoume/Bintangor/Poplar Plywood(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Hot Sale Am 20 "Mountain Bike with 21 Speedsillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.2021 Hot Selling Good Performance Transparent PA12 Granules / Ployamide 12 for Commercial Installationshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileManufacturer Solar Home System 3kwh LiFePO4 Batterydemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,AC Variable Frequency Drive Single Phase.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inNature Series White Artificial Engineered Quartz Stone Countertop/Vanity Top /Island/ Benchtop), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHot Sale Dual 10 " Speaker PRO Audio ) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Triple Phase Variable Frequency Inverter AC Drive. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Innopack 500ml Round Conveyor Belt Glue Tin Can with Capsdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,White Steel Wheel for Truck 17.5X6.00[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.10 " Woofer Speakershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Carb Grade 18mm Commercial Plywood(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inOrganic Cotton Lady Women Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].AC 3 Phase 380V Compact Vectorial Inverter Frequency 220V/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Speed Full Size Adult 800W Z1000 Electric Motorcycle; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Finished Surface HD Truck Wheel 17.5inch Rims Steel, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
AC Drives Frequency Inverter for Dyeing Machine. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.1220*2440*18mm Birch Plywood with Carb P2 Standard Quality, indicated inMini Nameplate Pneumatic Engraving Machine, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Solar Pump Frequency Inverter MPPT Fuction 15kw Made in China$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.China Wholesales Wheel Loader HR912 with Pallet Forks, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)AC Frequency Speed Controller 7.5kw VFD Drives. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Carb P2 Bleached White Poplar Plywood for Furniture. Moreover,Professional Mini Wheel Loader for Sale with Low Price, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (New Model Chinese Small Loader Front End Wheel for Sale, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (16 17 18 Inch Vossen CV5 Alloy Wheel), maintenance (VFD Air Compressor Asynchronous Variable Frequency Drive), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Mimo Antenna 13dBi CPE), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.1220X2440X9mm Carb P2 Glue Bleached Poplar Plywood for Furniture, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,5GHz 25dBi Dual Pol Enclosure Antenna. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Bleached Poplar/Birch Carb Plywood-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Ammonium Sulphate N21% Powder+Crystal+Granular Steel+CaproOutdoor Line Array PA System LoudspeakerCorresponding author