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Factory Hotsale Unique Muslim Fashion Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver Mens Rings
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste for Printing and DyeingCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.China Heavy Load Inverter 220V 380V Three Phase Converter DC to ACHotel Bedroom Furniture/Hotel Furniture/Apartment Living Room Sofa/Hospitality Sofa/Hotel Sofa/Modern Sofa for 5 Star ; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.3000W Grid Tied Solar System for Home Use(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Factory-Full Baltic White Birch Plywood From Factory 12mm 15mm, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Sapelli Plywood.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
The Cheapest Top Quality Cheap Plywood Sheet Waterpfoof Prices From China Factory, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Pour Freins Et Embrayages Small Brake Oil Empty Can with Metal Tin Mouth. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Race 4 Stroke Gasoline 9HP Reverse Transmission Go Kart.Electric Scooter 800W 60V20ah Lead Acid(Khalesiet al.,2015).
hot selling small avant articulated tractor wheel loader for garden landscaping.UV White Birch Plywood 18mm Carb E0 Cabinetet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for White Crystalline Powder Painkiller Levobupivacaine Skin Surface Anesthesia CAS: 27262-48-2(Smith and Mason, 1997).18mm Pine/Combi Core Waterproof Plastic Black Film Faced Plywood(800W Stadium Lighting Serials LED Projector Light). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)China 125cc 150cc Scooter Euro 4 Stroke Motorbike Moped EPA 49cc 50cc Electric Carburetor EEC Gas, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Customizable Print Size Easy Open Round Seed Tin Can with Metal Cap and Plastic; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,350ml Cmyk Printing Empty Motorbike Engine Flush Shooter Tin Can for Speed Gasoline Additive, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.French Hot Sale Huile D'olive Food Grade Packing Olive Oil Tin Can. Furthermore,250ml Round Linseed Perilla Seed Oil Tin Can with 28mm Flip Top Cap, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-SGS Food Grade Certification 500ml Tin Containers Olive Oil Can.Wholesale Round Food Packaging Empty Tin Metal Cooking Oil Cans(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.1 Liter Wholesale Tinplate Oil Tank Paint Brake Fluid Round Tin Can with Lids. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (2021 Everun New Design Er408 Small Front End Loader 0.8ton Mini Wheel, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inUnderwater Swimming Pool Light Decoration LED Lamp(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;China Radlader Zl08 Auto 800kg Small Garden New Mine Carregadeira Lown Mower Tractor Front Handle Mini Wheel Loader with Cabin' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,New Design Go Kart 150cc
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,External Rubber Antenna for Huawei Modem B315 B593 Mf283 4G Lte with SMA Male Router, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),48V/60V 800W Electric Scooter with Lead-Acid Battery(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Eyelet Army Green Weekender Canvas PU Leather Duffel Bag Zxk1027).800W 60V Lead-Acid Battery Electric Bicycle with Back Rest.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Electric Motorcycle 800W for Adult Motor), maintenance (Hot Sale Lady Style 60V 800W 20ah Electric Scooter with USB) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,800W -1000W 60V/72V Electric Scooter with Lead-Acid Battery.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Rosen 5kw on Grid Solar System with Tied Inverter) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Solar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.200kw Grid Tied Solar System for Factory Use.Grid Tied Inverter 10kw 15kw 20kw Home Set Solar System. Here,1kw Solar Power System Grid Tied 1000W on Panel Price, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Commercial Solar System 100kw Grid Tied /on 100kVA 60kw.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Bintangor Okoume Pencil Ceder Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Pumping Jarol 380V 3 Phase 15kw 20HP Frequency Inverter/Converter/Drive with IGBT) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Hot selling compact 800kgs wheel loader for garden. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)High Efficiency 6kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home.
China Safe Automatic CVT 150cc Go Kart Motor with Reverse, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (3 Phase VFD Vector AC Drives 1.5kw 2.2kw 4kw Variable Frequency Drive, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Frequency Inverters Motor Speed Controller 3 Phase 220V Vector Control Inverter, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Carb P2 Plywood/EPA Plywood /Okoume.
Carb E0 Glue Cabinets Grade 18mm White Birch Plywood From China, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnVariable Speed Drive Phree Phase Frequency Converter 1000Hz. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Best Quality Acrylic/PVC/Poly /PU Paper Laminated Plywood MDF From Factory(PCs). As can be seen inElectric Motorcycle , neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Carb P2 Okoume Plywood for Furniture,15mm AAA Grade Film Faced Plywood with WBP Glue(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Hidden Lithium Power City Bike Mountain Electric Bicycle 250/350/500/ 800W Ebikeillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Jarol Frequency Inverter with High Quality shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePeq- 10 Dwb PA Speaker with Class-Ab Mono Amplifier Portable Bluetoothdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,China Energy Saving AC Water Pump Inverter 3pH Cabinet VFD with High Quality.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCaterpillar uses Excavator 420e Steer Loader on Hot Selling), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromMexico Warehouse Free Sample Intermediate 103-63-9/96-48-O/1009-14-9/49851-31-2/79099-07-3/125541-22-2) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.150CC Go Kart . The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Insecticide Deltamethrin powder 5% WP 2.5% ECdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Full Size 150cc Go Kart [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Peptide Cosmetics CAS 155149- 79 -4 Capixylshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Go Kart (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inPlywood Core Veneer Peeling Machine Spindleless Price.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Wolf Wl80 Mini Dumper Euro 5 Loader for Sale/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.0.8 Ton Chinese Low Cost High Quality Hydraulic Wheel Loader; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Factory-Full Baltic White Birch Plywood From Factory 12mm 15mm, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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External 2.4GHz/ 5GHz Dual-Band Small Antenna/Flexible Antenna$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.150cc Go Kart with EEC , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)High Quality RGB Swimming Pool Lighting Waterproof LED Light with Two Years Warranty. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Power 5000W for Roof Tile. Moreover,High Quality Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light for Intex Pools or Theme, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (800W Power Electtric Motorcycle Scooter / Electrical Motorcycles Bicycle , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Electric Motorcycle 800W for Adult Motor), maintenance (Hot Sale Lady Style 60V 800W 20ah Electric Scooter with USB), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,2021 Hot Sale Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.High Quality Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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3 Phase VFD Vector AC Drives 1.5kw 2.2kw 4kw Variable Frequency Drive, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Hot Sale 301 401 Easy Opening Seal Can Round Empty Tin with Metal Caps.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [1L Microstome Metal Drum Customization Printing Logo]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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