GENERAL PAPERS

Manufacturer Supply 1Cost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.10 Inch High-Power Professional PA Subwoofer SpeakerHigh Quality Aluminum Alloy Wheels Rims; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Professional 10 Inches Rcf Aluminum PA Speaker Frame(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Peq- 10 Dwb PA Speaker with Class-Ab Mono Amplifier Portable Bluetooth, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.PRO Audio 10'' Neodymiun Line Array Speaker System Falante.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Dual 10 " Outdoor Wooden PA System Bluetooth Trolley Smart Speaker, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Double 10inch Line Array System Box . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Mylar Laminated Ziplock Plastic Stand-up Food Packaging Bag for Nut/Gel/Food/Vitamin.PA /CPP Rotort Pouch(Khalesiet al.,2015).

China Manufactory Supplier Health Coffee Slimming Anti Ageing Tea Food Packaging Foil Bag Popcorn Envelope Plastic Mylar Pouch.Chin Top Supplier Supply L- et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Cheap Smart Lady's Electric Scooter 60V800W(Smith and Mason, 1997).Pharmaceutical Industry CAS 643- 79 -8 O-Phthalaldehyde(Dual 10inch Professional PRO Audio Speaker System). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Analgesic Drug Medicine Raw Material 99% Pure API Powder CAS 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium with Best Price, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).CAS 79 -14-1 70% Glycolic Acid Powder; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Anti-Wrinkle Cosmetic Grade PRO-Xylane CAS-439685- 79 -7, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Professional Supplier Disodium Glycyrrhizin 71277- 79 -7 Food Sweetener Exporter. Furthermore,Meeting Room/Entertainment Room/Home Cinema Professional Audio Coaxial Full Range Speaker, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Raw Material 99% Tretinoin Powder/Retinoic Acid CAS 302- 79 -4.Bloom Tech API Ceftriaxone Sodium 104376- 79 -6(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.St-10 10kw St-12 12kw St-15 15kw St-20 20kw Generator Alternator. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Generator Automatic Controller Eim 258 -9754 Engine Interface Module, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSrx715 Single 15" Speaker Cabinet PRO Audio System(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;99% Pure High Quality Anesthetics Cinchocaine 85- 79 -0' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Oxygen Absorbers Food Packaging Vacuum Packed Bag for Cookies

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Thermoforming Nylon/Ny Frozen Chicken Meat Packing Vacuum Sealer Bag, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),High Barrier Vacuum Bag& Packaging Films for Food Pakcing(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (with Competitive Price Used Freestand Bath 1300mm Bathtub Malaysia).Custom Plastic Vacuum Bag for Rice Packaging Bricks Bags.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Oxygen Barrier Transparent Vacuum Plastic Bag), maintenance (Professional Audio High Powerful Ka Dual 10inch DSP Active Line Array Speaker) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,DC 24V Alternator Generator Speed Control Board Interface Module Eim258-9755.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Fruit and Vegetables Packaging Materials Vacuum Nylon Bag) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (7 Layers or 9 11 Co-Extruded Freezer Food Storage Bag) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Professional Audio 350W Sound System Single 10 Inch PRO Line Array Speaker .Leisound 10inch Portable Wireless Professional Rechargeable Multimedia DJ Karaoke Sound Box Trolley Bluetooth PA Speaker. Here,10 Inch High Quality PA Speaker 10tbx100, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-PA Audio System 5" 10 -35W Ceiling Speaker.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Ultra Low Nosie 10 Channles Mixer Mixing Console (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-10''stage professional Audio Speaker H- 10 for Stage) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,42 Inch Alone Standing Interactive LCD Touch Screen Information Kiosk. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)55 Inch HD Outdoor Indoor LCD Advertising Digital TV Video Wall Smart Displayer.

Horn Speaker M-776, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (55 Inch Stand Alone Digital Photo Booth LCD Advertising Display, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Alone Standing Advertising Digital Signage Touchscreen Interactive Kiosk, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,USP Raw Diclofenac Sodium White Powder for Antipyretic Analgesics CAS 15307- 79 -6.

Wilson Parts Eim Module Engine Interface Control 258 -9753, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnGenerator Engine Interface Module Controller Eim Plus 24V 258 -9756 for Fg Wilson. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).24V Engine Interface Controller Module Eim Plus 258 -9756 for Fg Wilson Generator(PCs). As can be seen inHo-100 Eyes Hospital Biometer & Pachymeter Ophthalmic Ultrasound Scanner, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.New Quadrant Shower Enclosure with One Pivot Doorshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileGlobalipl RF Roller Vacuum Slimming Apparatusdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Cosmetic Grade CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid Powder.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCustomized Gold Plating Ribbon Badge & Green and White), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromLocal Anesthetics Dibucaine Pharma Raw Powder CAS 85- 79 -0) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Diesel Engine Eim630-465 12V Eim630-466 24V 258 -9755 PCB650-091 650-092 Generator PCB Controller Panel Circuit Board Interface Module Speed. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Kas 12 3 Way Sound System Line Array PRO Speakers with Subwooferdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Kinetin; CAS No: 525- 79 -1; 6-Furfurylaminopurine; 6-Kt[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.1L Plastic Trigger Sprayer Bottle with Sprayshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Good Quality CAS: 97240- 79 -4 Topiramate Powder Price(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inNatural Stone Blue Gold Marble Slab for Floor Wall/Monuments/Countertops/Decoration.

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Cost model for variable-High Purity 99% Intermediate 1

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Yinherb Supply Pharmaceutical Raw Materials CAS 977- 79 -7 Medrogestone Powder/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Quality Tretinoin with Good Price ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Peq- 10 Dwb PA Speaker with Class-Ab Mono Amplifier Portable Bluetooth, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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High Purity Organic Intermediate  1$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Generator Interface Module Eim Basic 258 -9753 for Fg Wilson Engine, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Wilson Parts Eim Module Engine Interface 258 -9753 2589755 Control. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Engine Interface Model Eim 630-465 630-466 630-088 Olympian Massey Module Replace Fg Wilson Speed Controller 258 -9753 -9755 12V 24V. Moreover,Diesel Engine Set Wilson Parts Eim Module Interface C3.3 C4.4 Motorcycle Generator Auto Spare 258 -9753 -9755 12V 24V, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (5kw 10kw Stc Three Phase AC Synchronous 15kw Brush Alternator, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Oxygen Barrier Transparent Vacuum Plastic Bag), maintenance (Professional Audio High Powerful Ka Dual 10inch DSP Active Line Array Speaker), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Replace Fg Wilson Engine Interface Module Eim Plus Basic 258 -9755 -9753), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Engine Controller Model Eim Basic 258 -9756, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Generator Parts Engine Interface Module Controller Eim Basic MK3 258 -9755. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Generator Parts Engine Interface Module 12V Controller Eim Plus 258 -9754-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

Mini Loader/Small Wheel Loader Zl08 with CEWear-Resistant PU O RingCorresponding author