GENERAL PAPERS

large cabin and powerful engine Customized 0.8ton mini wheel loaderCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Toughness High Engineering Plastics 610 for Auto Parts3840watts 50Hz 80A Built-in Inverter Silent Power Portable Electric Storage and Generator with CE Certificate; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Three Heads Woodworking Machine Atc CNC Router(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Quality Removable Material Warehouse Precision Electronic Weigher with Hand Manual Jack, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.HDPE Water/Gas Supply Pipe Extrusion Line.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Automatic Tool Changing CNC Router with 9kw Hsd Spindle. Wood Door Carving Atc, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Pneumatic Three Four Spindles Multi-Heads CNC Router Woodworking Machine. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Disc Atc Automatic Tools Changer Wood CNC Router Woodworking Machine.Tank Dust Removing Machine with Filter Cartridge(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Quadrant Stainless Steel Shower Room with 8mm Tempered Glass.HDPE Water/Gas Supply Pipe Extrusion Machineryet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 12inches PA Speaker Audio Component(Smith and Mason, 1997).Factory Price 1325 Atc CNC Router Automatic Tool Change Machinery(Motorcar for Both Civilc and Police Using with 320cc Displacement). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)HDPE Water/Gas Supply Pipe Extrusion Equipment, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).45cm High Tray Toughened Glass Curved Quadrant Shower Cabin; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Bathroom 8mm Glass Full Arc Quadrant Enclosed Shower Door, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Plastic Pipe Production Extrusion Line. Furthermore,Wholesale Plastic PVC Drainage Sewer Water Supply Electrical Conduit Tube Pipe Production Extrusion Line, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-New Quadrant Shower Enclosure with One Pivot Door.Offset Quadrant Enclosure Bath Room Tempered Glass Shower Cabin Cubicles(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.China Direct Supply CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide Resin for Untreated Film. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Quadrant Framed Grey Glass Shower Enclosure Sliding Door Simple Room, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in15kw Frequency Inverter for Solar Panel and Fan Pump Input 380-600V DC(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;HDPE PE PPR Pipe Making Machine' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Shurong Made Insecticide Deltamethrin 2.5% Ec CAS No. 52918-63-5

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Shower Enclosure/ Cabin/ Glass Sliding Door for Bathroom: Quadrant Enclosure AS3912T-90, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),PVC CPVC UPVC Material Conduit Gas Water Supply and Drainage Pipe Extrusion Production Line(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Bianco Arabescato White Marble Slab for Bathroom Countertop and Tile).Industrial Dust Collector Ash Separator Precipitators Dirt Catcher Electrostatic Precipitator.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Wear-Resistant PU O Ring), maintenance (Automatic Plastic PVC UPVC Double Cable Pipe Tube Extrusion Production Line) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Acrylic Film Quadrant Frosted Glass Shower Cubicle with Low Tray .076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Plastic PVC CPVC UPVC Sewage/ Pressure Pipe& Electrical Conduit Cable Pipe/Tube /Single Corrguated Pipe ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Plastic HDPE Pipe Production Line) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.China Reliable Supplier Portable Cement Silo Dust Collector.Dust Collector for Granite Welding. Here,Dust Collector Cages Surface Grinding Machine, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Dust Collector Hammer Mill Shaker.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Gold Dust Collector Cement Filter Bag(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Low Water Absorption Polymer 610) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,High Impact Strength and Low Water Absorption Resin 610. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)CAS No. 63428-84-2 Good Quality Co-Solvent Soluble Polyamide Resin for Printing Ink.

Plastic PE Pipe Production Line, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Non Standard Eco Friendly Rubber Seal O-Ring, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

High Quality Elasticity Competitve Nitrile X Ring, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,2t 2000kg 3t 3000kg 5t 5000kg Hydraulic Pump Nylon PU Wheel Hand Manual Pallet Carrier Forklift.

King Quenson Customized Label Deltamethrin 2.5 Ec China Supplier, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnInsecticide Deltamethrin powder 5% WP 2.5% EC. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Pesticide Deltamethrin 98% TC(PCs). As can be seen inFamily Usage Embossed Vacuum Bags for Food, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Pest control Flies Cockroaches Mosquitos spray Deltamethrin 2.5%SC,Shower Enclosure/ Cabin/ Glass Sliding Door for Bathroom: Quadrant Cabin AS-2800(CSFM) is presented here as an example.AC Converter Variable Frequency Drive 3 pH 0.75kw Output Power Supplyillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Fast Delivery CAS 525- 79 -1 6-Furfurylaminopurine 99%shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileElectrical VFD Frequency Inverter Three Phase 220V 380V 7.5/11kw for Solar Pumpdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Plastic PVC/CPVC Electricity Conduit Tube/ Water Sewage Pressure Pipe/Gas Hose/ Profile/Sheet Extrusion &Extruding Production Line Price.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inChina Stainless Steel Sanitary Food Grade Manual Aseptic Sample Valve with Foam Breaker), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHot Sale Android 9.0 4K HD IPTV Set Top Box Amlogic S905W 2GB 16GB Smart Internet TV) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Water/Gas-Supply PP PE HDPE Plastic Pipe/Tube Extrusion Making Machine. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Chinese Wooden Silver-Leaf Classical Fabric Sofademonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Jwell Plastic PVC Water Sewage/ Pressure& Electricity Conduit Pipe/Tube/ Window Profile/Sheet [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Mineral Processing Reagents Collector Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphateshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Plastic PE PP HDPE PPR Pipe Making Machine Extrusion Production Line(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inFinal Drive Motor for 25t Crawler Excavator Sumitomo Sh200-3.

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Cost model for variable-Water and Gas Supply HDPE Pipe Extrusion Production Line 315mm

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Alcohol Solvent Polyamide Resin for Gravure Plastic Ink/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Polyamide Resin for Gravure Plastic and Paper Printing Ink; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Quality Removable Material Warehouse Precision Electronic Weigher with Hand Manual Jack, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Co-Solvent Polyamide Resin for Untreated Film Printing Ink$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.20 mm 20mm PVC Pipe Machine, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide Resin. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Polyamide PA Resin CAS No.: 63428-84-2 for Untreated Film Sunmide. Moreover,Alcohol Solvent Polyamide Resin for Paper Gravure Printing Ink, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Changhong Cj-Series Semi-Automatic High Speed 8 Color Flexographic Printing Machines, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Wear-Resistant PU O Ring), maintenance (Automatic Plastic PVC UPVC Double Cable Pipe Tube Extrusion Production Line), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Hot Sale Popular Use Insecticide Deltamethrin 2.5 Sc for Crop Health), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.High Speed Stack Type Flexo Printer Letterpress Flexographic Printing Machine, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Small Cheap Quadrant Simple Fiberglass Hinge Shower Enclosure . Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Benzene Soluble CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated PE/PP-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Non Standard Eco Friendly Rubber Seal O-Ring, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Material Handling Equipment Manual Hand Pallet Jack.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141.         [Factory Price Home Solar Energy System 3kwh with 5 Years Warranty]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

Luneng Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw CabinPipe Bevelling Machine Corresponding author