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125kVA/100kw Soundproof Power Generator Genset Diesel Engine Set for Bank
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Stainless Steel Metal Rotray Fiber Laser Marking Machine for AluminumCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.5kw Inverter Grid Tied Solar Power System for HomeHigh Purity 99% Intermediate 1; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.975 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory/House Roof(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Rosen 55kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Cheap Factory Price China Supplier 1000W Adult Electric Scooters/Electric Motorcycle for Sale.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Hot Cheap Electric Scooter 60V800W20ah for Adult From China, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Luxury 350W 2 Wheel Electric Bike Scooter/Electric Moped with Pedals Motorcycle Scooter. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Cheap Cute Electric Scooter with Foot Pedal 60V800W20ah From China.China Qingzhou Titan Zl08f 0.8ton Mini Small Garden Tractor Front End Wheel Loader(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Three Phase 220V Frequency Converter with Vector Control.China Frequency Converter Variable Speed Driveet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Factory Price Home Solar Energy System 3kwh with 5 Years Warranty(Smith and Mason, 1997).2021 Big Promotion Product Adult 1200W Electric Bike Motorcycle Without Pedals(10kw Complete Set Solar Power Systems on-Grid for Home/ Industrial/Commercial Roof). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 200HP, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Factory Price Wholesale 4oz-32oz Empty PVC Glue Tin Can with Brush; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Okoume Veneer, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Luneng Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin. Furthermore,Chinese Factory Tin Can with Brush for Glue and Sealants Adgesives, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Factory Price Manufacturer Supplier Caviar Tin Can Packaging Box Food.Customized Metal Tea Canister Food Packaging Box Round Can Tin(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Square Tin with Airtight Lever Lid for Tea. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Hot Sale Factory Direct Easy Open Tin Can for Food Cannery, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inCheap Price Zl08 0.8ton China Mini Articulated Hydraulic Front End Tractor Loaders(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;968 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Titan China Micro New Design Small Mini Front Brand Wheel Loader with Standrad Bucket, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (1.5t Construction for Home Manual Lever Lock).Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (0.6mm----2mm AAA Grade White Poplar Wood Veneer for Plywood Usage), maintenance (Chinese Suppliers B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Wolf Baumaschinen Zl08 Radlader with Canopy.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Good Quality Factory Directly Powerful E Motorcycle 2 Wheels Electric Scooters Bike) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Quarter Cut Ebano Makassar Chapa De Madera PARA Cocina Puerta) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.0.25-1.0mm Hot Sale Natural Red Beech Veneer for Furniture.Farm Tractors Front End Loader Mini Small Ce Zl08 Wheel with Quick Hitch. Here,Cute City Electric Scooter 600V800W14ah Lithium Battery for Adults, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Natural Wood Veneer Oak /Cherry/Walnut MDF Board(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Zl08 0.8ton Mini Tractor Backhoe Front End Farm Wheel Loader Price List) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Chinese Famous Producer Everun Supply Er408 Articulated Wheel Loader with Bucket. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)0.3mm Rotary Cut Red Wood Veneer.
Factory-Quater Cut Okoume Veneer /Mahogany in 0.50mm, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Gurjan Veneer Keruing, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Everun CE Approved 0.8 Ton Front End Loader.
Empty Lubricant Oil Tin Can Packaging for Motor, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn974 Solar 30kw 40kw 50kw on Grid Tie Power System for House/Factory Roof. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).2-30mm Hot Sale Double Sided E0/E1 Glue Melamine/Fancy Plywood for Furniture(PCs). As can be seen inVegetable and Fruit Fertilizer Crystal Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.PA /CPP Rotort Pouchshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileBest Chemical Supplier Niche Customs Guaranteed New BMK Powder CAS: 5413-05-8demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,970 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCute Cartoon Mini Size Plush Toy Children Gift), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from10 Inch Powerful PRO Wood PA Bluetooth Audio Mixer Speaker) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.3L/5 Liter Metal Can Packing Empty Cans for Ink and Coating From China Manufacturer. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Complete Set 15kw Grid Tied Solar Power Systemdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,High Quality Mxq PRO 4K Rk3229 1GB 8GB Android7.1 Quad Core Android TV Box[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.20.5-25/29.5-25/23.5-25/14.00-24/7.50-16 New E-3/L-3 Loader OTR Bias Tyreshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.High Efficicency Roof Mounting Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in10oz Ceramic Stoneware Color Glaze Coffee Mug with Gift Box Packing.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].969 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.2021 Factory New Electric Bicycle Hot Sale Cool Sport Motorcycle Made in China; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Rosen 55kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Rosen 9kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Frequency Converter 200HP Three Phases, indicated inSolar Energy System 10kw 15kw Grid Tied Hybrid PV, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Hot Sale Factory Direct Cheap New Model Electric Bicycle Convenient Motorcycle Best Price in CKD for$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.OEM 6kw Home Grid Tied Solar Power System Without Battery, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Al-Gw6 China Best Adult Electric Motorcycle Scooter for Sale. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.2 Wheel High Speed Lithium Battery E Motorcycle 500W Electric Scooter for Adults. Moreover,800kg Wolf Zl08 Wheel Hoflader Loader Mini Bagger with Attachments, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (High Quality Cheap Custom Logo Printing Round Metal Cans with Lids, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (0.6mm----2mm AAA Grade White Poplar Wood Veneer for Plywood Usage), maintenance (Chinese Suppliers B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Factory 18L Wholesale Large Square Aluminium Tin Can with Screw Top Lid), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Hot Sale Factory Direct Colorful Electric Motorcycle for Passenger Made in China, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Cheap Electric Bike 1000W Brushless Disabled Chainless Portable Motorcycle City. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Square Engine Oil Tin Can with Screw Cap Manufacturer Lid-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Noakes, M. and Lanz, T. 1993.China E-Bike Manufacturer Dropship Electro Motorcycle Electric Beach Cruiser Bicycle Chopper for Girls.Zl08 0.8t Hot Sale Small Yard Loader Mini Tractor Front End, Carlton, victoria. 412 pp. [D&B Style Dual 10 Inch Compact Line Array ]
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Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Red Oak Veneered MDF for Interior Design and Renovations.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [12" Die Cast Aluminum PA Speaker Frame]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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