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Melamine Round Meeting Table Modern Office Furniture
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
16inch 36V 350W/500W / 800W Full Suspension Mini Foldable Kids Snow Commuter Electric/Bicycle/E-BicycleCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Wolf Wl80 Mini Dumper Loader with BucketGuangzhou Skytone Vera S18 18'' New Design Line Array Subwoofer; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Everun Er408 800kg Construction Equipment Compact Mini Wheel Loader with Bucket(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Agricultural Machine Small Wheel Loader Mini780 with CE Certificate, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Cheap Price Zl08 0.8ton China Mini Articulated Hydraulic Front End Tractor Loaders.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Zl08f 0.8ton China Cheap Price Articulated Tractor Front Wheel Loader, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Factory Price Zl08 Mini Articulated Hydraulic Front End Farm Wheel Loader. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Factory Supply OEM Support Mxq PRO Rockchip Rk3229 Android 7.1 TV Box.Natural Okoume Venner 0.90mmx6X9FT(Khalesiet al.,2015).
All Sizes Good White Recon Veneer.Dyed Natural Wood Veneer Oak Crown Cut for Hotel Decoration Shop Wall Kitchen Cabinetet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Motorcar for Both Civilc and Police Using with 320cc Displacement(Smith and Mason, 1997).15mm Pine Wood Core Block Board for Construction(Kara Dual 8 Inch Line Array Speakekr with 3 Compressiond Driver Unit PRO Audio Speaker). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)The New Natural Mahogany Okoume Veneer, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Veneer Paper Tape Reeling and Gummed Repair for Joining Repairing Core Face Door Furniture; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,982 High Efficiency up to 99% on Grid Solar System 50kw Plants for Large Scale Commercial, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.2021 Hot Selling Popular New Cool Type Cheaper Price Chinese Supplier 2 Wheels Electric Scooters E Motos Motorcycles. Furthermore,Windows Mini PC Pipo X10 PRO Z8350 Chipset Smart TV Box Android 5.1 4G RAM 64G ROM, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-5 Liter Paint Tin Can with Customized Printing Plastic Handle.2 Liter Square Small Metal Tin Can for Paint with Handle and Lid(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.502 Alicosolar High Quality 30kw on Grid Solar System 30000W Power Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (2382 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inPA Speaker Horn for Stage 180L*180W*106h 1" (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;HK1 Smart TV Box Amlogic S905W Android 7.1 Quad Core 2GB 16GB' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Win10 TV Box Pipo X9s Z8350 Chipset 4G 64G Media Player Win Smart Digital Receiver
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Variable Speed Inverter China Frequency Converter AC, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Natural Material Veneer Hand Made Woven for Wall Decoration(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Automatic Mooncake Production Line for Sale).458 Alicosolar High Efficiency 10kw on Grid Solar System Kit Home with CE/TUV/ISO for Use.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (5kw Single Phase Home Grid Tied Solar Power System), maintenance (Hot Sale 15kw Grid Tied Solar Photovoltaic Power System) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,5kw Inverter Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (975 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory/House Roof) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Rosen 55kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Cheap Factory Price China Supplier 1000W Adult Electric Scooters/Electric Motorcycle for Sale.Hot Cheap Electric Scooter 60V800W20ah for Adult From China. Here,Luxury 350W 2 Wheel Electric Bike Scooter/Electric Moped with Pedals Motorcycle Scooter, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Cheap Cute Electric Scooter with Foot Pedal 60V800W20ah From China.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.China Qingzhou Titan Zl08f 0.8ton Mini Small Garden Tractor Front End Wheel Loader(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Three Phase 220V Frequency Converter with Vector Control) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,China Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)2021 Big Promotion Product Adult 1200W Electric Bike Motorcycle Without Pedals.
Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 200HP, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Factory Price Wholesale 4oz-32oz Empty PVC Glue Tin Can with Brush, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Okoume Veneer, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Luneng Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin.
Chinese Factory Tin Can with Brush for Glue and Sealants Adgesives, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnFactory Price Manufacturer Supplier Caviar Tin Can Packaging Box Food. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Customized Metal Tea Canister Food Packaging Box Round Can Tin(PCs). As can be seen in15 Inch/12 Inch/ 10 Inch/8 Inch Full Range Speaker Box , neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.M7 Model LHD&Rhd EV with Solar Panel Pure Electric Carshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileFactory Price 1325 Atc CNC Router Automatic Tool Change Machinerydemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,0.15mm Rosewood Veneer.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCopeland Portable Air AC Compressor of Model Zr16m3e-Twd- 551), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromC Band Satellite TV Antenna 150cm) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.4WD Wheel Loader Manufacture Small Radlader 1.0 Ton Mini780. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Metal Tin with Steel Handle for Paintdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Farm Machinery Zl08f Mini Wheel Loader with 4 in 1 Bucket[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Solar Pump Frequency Inverter MPPT Fuction 15kw Made in Chinashows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCostom Logo 60ml Waterless Antibacterial 75% Alcohol Hand Sanitizer Spray.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Agricultural Machine Small Wheel Loader Mini780 with CE Certificate, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Wolf Baumaschinen Zl08 Radlader with Canopy$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Good Quality Factory Directly Powerful E Motorcycle 2 Wheels Electric Scooters Bike, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Quarter Cut Ebano Makassar Chapa De Madera PARA Cocina Puerta. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.0.25-1.0mm Hot Sale Natural Red Beech Veneer for Furniture. Moreover,Farm Tractors Front End Loader Mini Small Ce Zl08 Wheel with Quick Hitch, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Cute City Electric Scooter 600V800W14ah Lithium Battery for Adults, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (5kw Single Phase Home Grid Tied Solar Power System), maintenance (Hot Sale 15kw Grid Tied Solar Photovoltaic Power System), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Natural Wood Veneer Oak /Cherry/Walnut MDF Board, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Zl08 0.8ton Mini Tractor Backhoe Front End Farm Wheel Loader Price List. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Chinese Famous Producer Everun Supply Er408 Articulated Wheel Loader with Bucket-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Mular, A.L. 1982.2393 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use.Factory Product 4K Android TV Box Mxq PRO Rk3229 7.1 1GB 8GB.970 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof, Montreal. 265 pp. [Modern Simple Living Room L Shape Corner Recliner Sectional Sofa]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Best Price Food Tin Metal Box Clip Lid Candy Can.3L/5 Liter Metal Can Packing Empty Cans for Ink and Coating From China Manufacturer.970 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof, Montreal. 319 pp. [Buy Sugammadex Sodium CAS 343306- 79 -6 From Manufacturer]
Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.High Quality Mxq PRO 4K Rk3229 1GB 8GB Android7.1 Quad Core Android TV Box.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [20" Inch Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Astonmartin]
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Factory Price Wholesale 4oz-32oz Empty PVC Glue Tin Can with Brush, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-OEM 6kw Home Grid Tied Solar Power System Without Battery.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Al-Gw6 China Best Adult Electric Motorcycle Scooter for Sale]
Factory Price Wholesale 4oz-32oz Empty PVC Glue Tin Can with Brush, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385. [Silk Perfume Perm Lotion]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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