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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.New Arrival Mr Series Audio Mixer with DSP Mr-10fx(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Factory Price Powder Mannitol with High Quality, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Outdoor Line Array PA System Loudspeaker.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Karaoke Wireless Portable Wooden Bluetooth PA Speaker, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,12" Line Array Loud Speaker Sound System Professional PA. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,15inch Professional Stereo Sound PA PRO Audio DJ Loud Speaker.Professional Line Array PA System S1210 Sound(Khalesiet al.,2015).

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Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (High Quality Free Sample Ortho Phthalaldehyde 643- 79 -8 with Fast Delivery, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in5HP 50Hz 60Hz 3.7kw 3 Phase VFD Variable Frequency Drive for Motor(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Waterproof Childproof Ziplock Valve Bag' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,White Powder Vitamin a for Food and Feed Grade

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Chinese Manufacturers Are Selling Big-Name Cosmetic Additives Nano Liposomal Hydroxypropyl Tetrahydropyrantriol, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Professional Line Array Speaker Neodymium Af15(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Joneng Stainless Steel Sanitary Pneumatic Actuator Butterfly Valve Triclover Automatic Control).Manufacturer Supply CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid 70% 99% Cosmetic Grade.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Q210 Passive PA Speaker System), maintenance (Retinol Palmitate/Vitamin a Palmitate Oil as Food Ingredient) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Professional 24 Channels Digital Audio Mixer Console.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (100% Natural Huperzia Serrata Extract 1% 5% 99% Huperzine a Brown Powder Supplements) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Skin Care Raw Material Vitamin a Palmitate Powder) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Lf Drivers 10 Inches Professional Speaker Pw1032-64.12" Loudspeaker as Monitor Speaker System 12 Inch Powerful Coaxial. Here,Made in China PA Speaker System Three Way Loudspeakers, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Line Array Speaker Professional PA System Two Way Full Rang Passive .

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Pyridinecas Number 110//86//1 Used as Chemical Reagent(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Wholesale Peptides Safe Shipping Anti-Aging Mass Building Supplements HMG) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,P-Toluenesulfinic Acid Sodium Salt Hydrate . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Bloom Tech Chemical Reagent Bis .

Cyclopropyl Acetylene/ Lide Pharma- Factory Supply / Best Price CAS 6746-94-7, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (CAS: 13463-67-7 Titanium Dioxide Powder, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Nutrition Food Grade Dl-Pyroglutamic Acid Pure L-Pyroglutamic, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Factory Supply 99% Dexketoprofen Trometamol Powder.

10W Wall Mount Speaker with Transformer 8 Ohm 100V Bluetooth , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnKaraoke Wireless Portable Bluetooth PA Trolley Speaker Box. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Feiyang New Hot Selling Trolley Speaker Fg210-06(PCs). As can be seen inAdvanced 7.5MHz/10MHz Superficial Organ Use Wireless Linear Ultrasound Probe, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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PRO Audio PA System Digital Mixer,Food Grade L-Arginine with Best Price(CSFM) is presented here as an example.0.15mm-1.0mm Okume/ Bintangor/ Sapelli Natural Veneer From Linyi Orikey Woodillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Cheap Price Speaker Wall Mount Bracket shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileMotor Electronic Power Frequency Converter 380V 2.2kwdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,J8 Dual 12'' Line Array PA Speaker Professional Stage Audio System.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inPromotional Gift Stuffed Custom Plush Toy Dog), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from750ml Metal Tin Can Container for Chili Oil Canning) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Wild Bee Venom Extract Melittin 99% Powder for Skin Care. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.PRO Audio Loudspeaker PA Speaker System Coaxial Compact Line Arraydemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Supply High Quality Glycolic Acid Powder for Skin Whiting CAS 79 -14-1[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.OLED Intermediates 2-shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Retinoic Acid CAS 302- 79 -4 in Stock(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in60kVA/50kw Japan Isuzu/Kubota/Denyo Diesel Engine Power Electric Set Genset Canopy /Enlcosur/Silence/Sound Silent Portable Generator Generadores.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].ISO Certified 100% Natural L-Arginine Powder/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Quality Cosmetic Grade Hydroxyacetic Acid Glycolic CAS 79 -14-1; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Factory Price Powder Mannitol with High Quality, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Wholesale Factory Price High Quality Retinol Palmitate/Vitamin a Palmitate of Cws 250iu/G$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.KTV 10 Inch Speaker Box with Good Sound, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)10 Inch Powered Line Array Speaker Active. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Hot Sale Model V20 Dual 10 Inch Three-Way Audio Small Line Array Speaker. Moreover,Dual 10 Inch Line Aray Powered Active Sound System, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (60W 10 " Portable HP5 Series Trolley Speaker with 2 UHF Mics, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Q210 Passive PA Speaker System), maintenance (Retinol Palmitate/Vitamin a Palmitate Oil as Food Ingredient), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Manufacturer Supply 1), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Dual 10inch PA Audio Line Array Speaker Box System, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Dual 10 " 600W Line Array PA Professional Speaker . Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.10 " Dia Cast Aluminum Professional Subwoofer Basket-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

OTR G2 Grader Tubeless Tyre 17.5-255kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home UseCorresponding author