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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
General Type Input 3 pH 380V Frequency Converter Variable AC DriveCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.PVC CPVC UPVC Material Conduit Gas Water Supply and Drainage Pipe Extrusion Production LineHot Selling High Quality CAS. 56-95-1 Chlorhexidine Acetate; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Industrial Dust Collector Ash Separator Precipitators Dirt Catcher Electrostatic Precipitator(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Wear-Resistant PU O Ring, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Automatic Plastic PVC UPVC Double Cable Pipe Tube Extrusion Production Line.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Acrylic Film Quadrant Frosted Glass Shower Cubicle with Low Tray , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Plastic PVC CPVC UPVC Sewage/ Pressure Pipe& Electrical Conduit Cable Pipe/Tube /Single Corrguated Pipe . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Plastic HDPE Pipe Production Line.China Reliable Supplier Portable Cement Silo Dust Collector(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Dust Collector for Granite Welding.Dust Collector Cages Surface Grinding Machineet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Professional Speaker Power Line-Array Actives Stage Loudspeaker PA System with Vs12(Smith and Mason, 1997).Dust Collector Hammer Mill Shaker(The Thinnest Wall Pool Underwater Swimming Light 18 Volts). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Gold Dust Collector Cement Filter Bag, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Low Water Absorption Polymer 610; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,High Impact Strength and Low Water Absorption Resin 610, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.CAS No. 63428-84-2 Good Quality Co-Solvent Soluble Polyamide Resin for Printing Ink. Furthermore,Plastic PE Pipe Production Line, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Non Standard Eco Friendly Rubber Seal O-Ring.High Quality Elasticity Competitve Nitrile X Ring(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.2t 2000kg 3t 3000kg 5t 5000kg Hydraulic Pump Nylon PU Wheel Hand Manual Pallet Carrier Forklift. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (King Quenson Customized Label Deltamethrin 2.5 Ec China Supplier, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHealth Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS No.: 90471- 79 -7 with High Quality(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Insecticide Deltamethrin powder 5% WP 2.5% EC' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Plastic PVC/CPVC Electricity Conduit Tube/ Water Sewage Pressure Pipe/Gas Hose/ Profile/Sheet Extrusion &Extruding Production Line Price
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,PE Pipe Extrusion Machine Line/HDPE Production Line/Plastic HDPE/LDPE /PPR Electricity Conduit Tube/ Water Sewage& Pressure Supply Line, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Water/Gas-Supply PP PE HDPE Plastic Pipe/Tube Extrusion Making Machine(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (PVC Floor Covering Bus Flooring).Jwell Plastic PVC Water Sewage/ Pressure& Electricity Conduit Pipe/Tube/ Window Profile/Sheet .
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Plastic PE PP HDPE PPR Pipe Making Machine Extrusion Production Line), maintenance (Water and Gas Supply HDPE Pipe Extrusion Production Line 315mm) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Alcohol Solvent Polyamide Resin for Gravure Plastic Ink.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Polyamide Resin for Gravure Plastic and Paper Printing Ink) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Good Solution Polyamide Resin PA for Untreated Film Sunmide) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Easy Operating Manual Hand Pallet Truck Forklift Scale.Co-Solvent Polyamide Resin for Untreated Film Printing Ink. Here,20 mm 20mm PVC Pipe Machine, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide Resin.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Polyamide PA Resin CAS No.: 63428-84-2 for Untreated Film Sunmide(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Alcohol Solvent Polyamide Resin for Paper Gravure Printing Ink) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Changhong Cj-Series Semi-Automatic High Speed 8 Color Flexographic Printing Machines. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Hot Sale Popular Use Insecticide Deltamethrin 2.5 Sc for Crop Health.
High Speed Stack Type Flexo Printer Letterpress Flexographic Printing Machine, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Small Cheap Quadrant Simple Fiberglass Hinge Shower Enclosure , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Benzene Soluble CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated PE/PP, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,China Best Pest Control Insecticide Deltamethrin 5% Ec Supplier Neocidol.
Benzene Soluble Polyamide Resin for Flexo Printing Ink, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnPremium quality and very competitive price for Permethrin 25% EC. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).PVC Pipe Extrusion Machine Line/UPVC Production Line/Plastic PVC/UPVC/CPVC Electricity Conduit Tube/ Water Sewage& Pressure Supply Line(PCs). As can be seen inTop Quality Isopropyl Alcohol , neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Permethrin 25% EC Pesticide & Insecticides,China Jwell PVC Dual/Four Pipe High Speed Extrusion Equipment C-PVC/U-PVC/PVC-O Making Machine(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Hot Sale Natural Wood Veneer Burma Teak Quarter Cut for Plywood Door India Pakistanillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.AC Three Phase Output Drive Frequency Converter Speed Control Electric Motorshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while350-1000W Pedal Assist Electric Scooter Parts 10 Inch Mobility Tricycles Motorcycles Chinese for Adultsdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,HD250-5/7 Arm Boom Bucket Cylinder Seal Cyl for Kato.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inFiber Laser Marking Machine with Rotary for Pen Printing), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromDiesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla154p332) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.PVC Garden Pipe Making Machine Cost. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Apr125 White Motorcycledemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated Film Sunmide[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.PRO Audio Dual 10 " 900W Sound System Perfect Line Array Active Speakershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.PU Wheel 2000kg Hand Pallet Truck with Digital Weighing Scale(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWholesale Disposable Baby Diaper with High Absorption Magic Tape.
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Cost model for variable-Excellent Quality CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated Film Sunmide
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].PVC Pipe Making Machine Alibaba/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.3ton Hydraulic Hand Pallet Truck Trolley Special; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Wear-Resistant PU O Ring, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
2000kg Mini Cheap Price Nylon Wheel Hand Hydraulic Pallet Truck. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Direct Sale Polyamide PA Resin for Ink, indicated in15.5-25 17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25 OTR Tire, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
CAS No. 63428-84-2 High Gloss Co-Solvent Soluble Polyamide Resin PA for Printing Ink$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Plastic PVC|PE|PP|PPR|Agriculture Water|Gas|Irrigation Pipe|Faux Marble Sheet|Foam Board Floor|Roofing Tile|Extruder|Extrusion Making Machine Production Line, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Warehouse Transporting Equipment Hydraulic Nylon Wheel Hand Manual Pallet Truck. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Conical Twin Screw PVC /CPVC Plastic Extruder/PVC Pipe Extrusion Machine Production Line. Moreover,PVC Vacuum Calibrated Tank 160mm, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Material Handling Equipment Manual Hand Pallet Jack, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Plastic PE PP HDPE PPR Pipe Making Machine Extrusion Production Line), maintenance (Water and Gas Supply HDPE Pipe Extrusion Production Line 315mm), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Excellent Quality Hydraulic Arm Cyl Seal for E307D Excavator), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Factory Manufacture E307D Bucket Cyl Kit Seal, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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