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Frequency Converter 200HP Three PhasesCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Portable On-Site Pipe Tube Chamfering Chamfer MachineMylar Composite Aluminum Foil Laminated Custom Logo Bag with Ziplock; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.American Standard Oval Freestanding Thick Rim Bath Tub Made in China(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Grey Masterbatch for Plastic Chair, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Plastic Raw Materials Black Masterbatch for PP PE Plastics.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

LDPE Plastic Pellet 30% Black Pigment Color Masterbatch, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Hot Melt Adhesive Film & TPU Making Machine. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Bathroom Acrylic Alone Common Bathtub with Two Side Apron .Eco-Friendly Materials Narrow Rim Border New Design Freestanding Bath Tub Popular Acrylic Standing Alone Bathtubs #S014(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Stand Alone Tub Small Oval 55 Inch Free Standing Acrylic Bathtub.Custom Size Round Artificial Stone Stand Alone Soaker Tub Cast Resin Composite Solid Surface Bathtubet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for High Quality Karaoke Loudspeaker with B&C Compression Driver(Smith and Mason, 1997).Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous as Emulsifier in Food Industry(Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Air Drive Multiple Capable Loose Tubes Pipes Beveling Machine, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).ISY SDC TCM ID Mounted Pipe Beveling Machine; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 156sm420, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 160sn827. Furthermore,Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate Food Grade, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste.Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 142s1173. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Ammonium Polyphosphate , 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inQuick Action Dentistry Anesthesia Injection Grade Prilocaine HCl Raw Powder CAS: 1786-81-8 Citanest Free Clearance(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Color Paste' names:

►High Efficiency Thick Wall Pipe Pipeline Piping System Beveling Machine: based on 36-foot,Industry Grade Ammonium Polyphosphate,Light Duty Hand Held Boiler Pipe Tube Cutter Beveller,Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste, and level control

►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Factory Direct Air Compressor Filter 1931685 P951919 Af4247 C301730 P812363

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Embossed PC Solid Sheet Extruder Machine Making Extrusion Line, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Anti-Scratch PC Polycarbonate Impact Solid Sheet Extrusion Machine(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (99% Online High Quality Assurance Follistatin 344).Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 132s1320), maintenance (Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste for Printing and Dyeing) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Electrical Pipe Tube Cold Working Processing Machine.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (T-Type Electric Beveling Machine ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (3293 Fast Rose Lake B Pigment ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.O2 Oxygen Sensor for Honda Accord 2.3L 4 Cyl F23A4 2000-2002 234-9014.6 Cyl Head and Rotor . Here,Gasoline Fuel Injector 23209-21020 Nozzle for Toyota Prius Echo Scion Cyl 1.5L 1nz, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Pigment.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Flame Retardant Ammonium Polyphosphate (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Plastic Sheet Machine PC Polycarbonate Solid) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,PMMA GPPS Sheet/Board Plastic Extruder Machine/Making Machine. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)PC/PMMA/GPPS Optical Plate/Board Extrusion Making Machine/Extruder.

Jwell High Quality Pet Sheet Extrusion Machine for Protective Mask, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

PC/Polycarbonate/GPPS/PMMA Sheet Extruder Machine/Plastic, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Uns S31254 En 1.4547 F44 Price Per Kg Super Austenitic Stainless Steel Round Bar Rod.

Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar by Zeron100 , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnS32750 Uns Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Against Wall Australian Freestanding Acrylic Bathtubs(PCs). As can be seen inCute Cheap Electric Scooter for Lady of 60V800W20ah From China, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Endless Pool,New Design Indoor Corner Massage Jetted Whirlpool Bath Tub Acrylic Bathtubs for 2 Adults with Pillow and TV(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Genuine ATSC DVB-S2 Internet TV Receiver Zgemma H3. AC for Mexico USA Canada Marketillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Manufacturer Supply Poly L-Lactic Acid with Lowest Price Raw Material Bulk 79 -33-4 for Food Additivesshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while30watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Lightdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Outdoor Jet Surf Massage Bubble SPA Swimming Pool Hot Tub Combo.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inC1018 Low Carbon Cold Drawn Chq Wire Rod Forging Saip Annealed Fastener Steel), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromE3/L3 Pattern Bias Loader Radical Pneumatic Solid Grader OTR Tyre ) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Endless Swimming Pool. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Jwell-PLA Sheet Recycling Plastic Cup Food Packing Making Extrusion Machinedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Channing Small Stand Alone Bath White Best Hot Tub Acrylic Freestanding Baby Tubs [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Dsola Factory Customized High Efficient Solar Cable Connector Mc4shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Whole Sale Home Antique Style Large Acrylic Freestanding Bathtub(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in0.56 Inch Single Digit SMD 7 Segment LED Display with Diamond-Cut Font.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Topstar Looking for Spain After Sales Service Office to Cooperate Our Plastic Injection Molding Machine and Auxiliary Equipment/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Factory Price Fully Automatic Dustbin Injection Molding Machine; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Grey Masterbatch for Plastic Chair, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

Jwell TPU Matt Cast Film Machine. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.FDA Certification Recycled PE Carbon Black Color Masterbatch Supplier, indicated inFactory Direct Sale Dimethyl Gonane 702- 79 -4, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

Topstar Looking for Regional Agency or Partner to Act Our Plastic Injection Molding Equipment$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Plastic Raw Materials Black Color Masterbatches China Supplier, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)35% Blowing Film Grade Carbon Black Masterbatch Manufacture. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Uns S31703/AISI 317L Stainless Steel Sheet/Plate/Coil/Pipe/Flange/Fittings/Bolt & Nuts. Moreover,2021 New Design Plastic Injection Molding Machine Made in China, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Carbon Black Masterbatch for Injection Moulding, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 132s1320), maintenance (Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste for Printing and Dyeing), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,PLA Masterbatch Manufacturers for 3D Printing Filament), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.PLA Color Masterbatch for 3D Printing, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,30% to 50% Carbon Content PP Application Making Plastics Product Film. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.V5.0 Fashion Mini Twins Wireless Bluetooth Earphone with Microphone-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

AC Board China Vector Control 60Hz to 50Hz VFD Drive PriceDigital ATSC Receiver Internet TV Set Top BoxCorresponding author