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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.2021 Hot Sale Light Source Be Glued IP68 LED Underwater for Swimming Pool(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,4GB32GB 4K Android TV Box Digital Display T95X2 with Amlogic S905X2 Internet Quad Core CPU Media, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.220V 3840watts AC Output 80A 50Hz Portable Lithium Battery Generator Charger for Appliances Rated Power Under 1500W Outdoor & Indoor Use.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Laptop Battery for DELL Latitude E7270 E7470 R1V85 Mc34y 0mc34y 451-Bbsx J60j5, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,220V 80A 50Hz Portable Lithium Battery Generator Charger with 3.8kwh Charging Appliances Rated Power Under 1500W Outdoor & Indoor Use. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Solar & Mains Storage Battery Charger with Inverter to 80AC 3840wh.Camping Power / RV LiFePO4 Energy Storage(Khalesiet al.,2015).

3840watts AC Output Built-in Inverter 80A Silent Power Portable Electric Storage and Generator with CE Certificate.Flying Online Fiber Laser Marking Machine with Conveyor Beltet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Water Cooled Diesel Engine Used for Electric Power Generator Set(Smith and Mason, 1997).3840watts AC Output Built-in Inverter Silent Power Portable Electric Storage and Generator with CE Certificate(18" Die Cast P-Auido Style Aluminum Frame). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Camping Power / RV LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3840wh 80A 220V Enjoys 2 Years Warranty, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Fiber Laser Marking Color Printing Machine Price 30W 50W 100W Mopa; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Hot Sale 0.6m 5GHz Parabolic Antenna with Gian 28dBi, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.381323 80mAh 3.7V Battery for Earphone Campact Lithium Polymer. Furthermore,IN-BA1 Ultrasonic Diagnostic Automatic High Effective Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-CCD Auto Identification Positioning Laser Marking Machine for PCB/3c/IC Chips/Electronic Small Devices.100W Full Enclosed Fiber Laser Marking Machine with Safe Cover(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.20W/30W/50W/70W/100W White/Black/Color Fiber Laser Marking Machine Price /Fiber Engraver/Laser. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (for HP Laptop Mc06 11.1V 4400mAh 49wh Li-on Battery Envy M7-N000, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in800W Sine Wave Water-Proof Controller Electric Scooter/Electric Motorcycle(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;600W- 800W 48V/60V Lead-Acid Battery Electric Scooter' names:

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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),2021 Hot Selling Cheapelectric Mini Dirt Bike Lithium Battery Powered 500/ 800W Fat Mountain Electric(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Frpe Insulated Halogen Free Electric Wire UL1789 with Single Core for Lighting Equipment).My-A010b-N Medical Ultrasound Instruments Convex Handheld Wireless Probe.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (3kw Liquid Cooling UHF Digital TV Transmitter DTV), maintenance (He-1000ap Ophthalmic Ultrasound a Scan Biometer Pachymeter) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,IN-AC5L ICEN WiFi Wireless Linear Ultrasound Probe Scanner.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Sanland 860MHz 34dB Gain CATV Forward Push-Pull Amplifier Module ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Bi-Directional Transmission Distribution Amplifier SA822) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Encryption Ts Satellite IRD.Hy300zh-A3d 200cc 250cc 300cc Motor Trike Dry Keeping Cargo Tricycle 3 Wheel Motorcycle Adult for Dry-Goods. Here,Hy300zh-A1 Lifan 300cc Engine Cargo Tricycle Three Wheel Motorcycle Heavy Duty Motocarrro Motor Trike, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-2021 Best Sale 150cc Adults 4 Wheeler Petrol Power Racing Quad.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Closed Canvas Box 2 Ton Cargo Tricycle(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Sanyou 125cc Efi System with Delivery Box Gas Scooter) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,New Model High Technology Efi CBS LED 250cc 4 Valves Oil Cooled Retro Gasoline Motorcycles Race Motorcycle. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)28dBi Gain 0.6m 5GHz Parabolic Antenna Best Design for Sale.

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whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

250cc Gasoline off Road Motorbike, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,0.6m 5GHz Parabolic Antenna with Gain 28dBi.

Wholesale 90cc 110cc 125cc 150cc off Road Gasoline Go Cart, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn150cc 200cc 250cc ATV Quad Bike for Adults. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).4 Stroke Buggy 150cc ATV(PCs). As can be seen in12" Loudspeaker as Monitor Speaker System 12 Inch Powerful Coaxial, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The Newest 110cc 125cc 150cc Toyota Mini Buggy ,High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat IP68 LED Wall Mounted Pool Lamp with Ce RoHS(CSFM) is presented here as an example.5GHz High Power Outdoor Wireless CPE Ap by Factory Isigalillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.10W Tabletop Series Fiber Laser Marking Machineshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileIndoor DJ Stage Two Way Active Line Array Cabinet Boxdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,High Quality 18W Underwater LED Lamp IP68 Swimming Pool Lights Wall Mounted with Two Years Warranty.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inChinese Brand Full Sizes Radial OTR Tire), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from50Hz 60Hz 220V/380V Vector Control AC Variable Frequency Drive) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Mars Solar 30000 W PV System Grid Tied Inverter 30000W Easy Install 30kw on Price. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Cheap Safety Scooter 2 Wheel Bicycle E Trike Cargo Tricycle Electric Motorcycle for Adultdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,5 Wheels Gasoline Cargo Tricycle with Front Cabin[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Rosen 7kw Grid Tied on Solar Panel Systemshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.IP68 Waterproof High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Pool Light(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inPretty Soft Plush Dog Toy.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].New Mini Willys Jeep Available on 110cc/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.150cc ATV for Adults Lmatv-150hm; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,4GB32GB 4K Android TV Box Digital Display T95X2 with Amlogic S905X2 Internet Quad Core CPU Media, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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L5s Underground Ming Tyres Smooth Pattern 12.00-24 17.5-25 18.00-25 26.5-25$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.150cc Quad 4WD ATV for Adults, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Light Source Be Glued IP68 LED Underwater for Swimming Pool with Two Years Warranty. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.IP68 Waterproof High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Underwater Pool Light with Edison Chip. Moreover,2021 Selling The Best Quality Cost-Effective Products LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (5kw Grid Tied Solar Inverter Three Phase for Home Use, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (3kw Liquid Cooling UHF Digital TV Transmitter DTV), maintenance (He-1000ap Ophthalmic Ultrasound a Scan Biometer Pachymeter), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,High Quality Solar PV Grid- Tied Inverters), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.2021 Selling The Best Quality Cost-Effective Products LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Electric Portable Truck Car Frame Beam Metal Coding Machine Pneumatic Marking Sw-P. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.2 Ton Loader 3 Wheel Cargo Tricycle-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Sanyou Slg New Efi System 125cc -150cc Gasoline Scooter, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-1L Olive Oil Can Cooking Empty Tin Can/Pot Metal.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141.         [Asapp-II Ammonium Polyphosphate for Intumescent Paints ]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

2-Carboxybenzaldehyde/Phthalaldehydic Acid CAS 119-67-5Metal Tin Can Engine Oil Empty Tinplate ContainerCorresponding author