GENERAL PAPERS

Ammonium Sulphate N21% Powder+Crystal+Granular Steel+CaproCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Advanced 7.5MHz/10MHz Superficial Organ Use Wireless Linear Ultrasound ProbeOutdoor Line Array PA System Loudspeaker; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.WiFi Probe Type 2 in 1 Double Head Wireless Mini Color Doppler Ultrasound(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Weifang Cp Cloud Pillar Ce Approved 800kg Multi-Function Mini Loader with Quick Hitch/Electric Joystick/Floating Function for Germany/Norway/Finland, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Aj-Bmd500 New Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

18watt Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lamp with Two Years Warranty, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,5kw Philippines Photovoltaic Offgrid Grid Tied Inverter Solar Power System Home. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Solar Power System 8kw Grid Tied Solution.CE China manufacturers mini wheel loader for sale at cheap price(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Wolf Agricultural Machinery Construction Small Front End Wheel Loader with Euro5 and Tier4 Engine.China Portable Medical Ophthalmic a/B Ultrasound Scanner Pachymeter with B Probe for Eyeset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Thermal RF & Fractional Wrinkle Removal(Smith and Mason, 1997).6000W 200V-240V AC Single Phase on Gird/ Grid- Tied Solar Power Energy System(Plastic Products Raw Material Light Green Color Antistatic Masterbatch Customized for Film Package). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Ce Approved 10 Inch Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer , Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).5GHz 10dBi Wideband Omni WLAN Antenna; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Jy125t-36c 125cc Scooter with Cdi and Efi, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarized Panel Antenna . Furthermore,2021 New Arrival China Supplying Internet TV Set Top Box Smart 4K HD 4GB Android 9 Amlogic S922X, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-5GHz 23dBi Enclosure WLAN Antenna.16" Inch Steel Wheel for Toyota Prado Land Cruiser(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.off Road 200cc Motorcycle for Hot Sale. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (off Load 150cc Motorcycle with High Speed, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inAndroid TV Box X96 Air 4GB 32GB Media Player(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;China 125cc Moto Efi Euro 4 2t 4t Stroke Motorcycle Motor 49cc 50cc 150cc Moped EPA EEC Gas Scooter' names:

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►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Volkswagen VW Tiguan Atlas Touareg, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Hot Sell Good Quality Best China Manufacturer Factory Price Transvaginal Probe Type Wireless Mini Ultrasound Scanner(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Wholesale Stoneware Gift Mug Handle Customized Coffee Ceramic Mugs with Lid).Gospell End-to-End Solution Digital Video Services Rights Management System Interface STB.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Medical Automatic Ultrasound Bone Densitometer in Low Price), maintenance (Yj-Ubd7a Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer Made in China) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Ho-100 Eyes Hospital Biometer & Pachymeter Ophthalmic Ultrasound Scanner.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (IN-A4CPL Portable Wireless WiFi ultrasound color doppler scanner machine) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer Made in China) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Diesel Central Drive Three Wheel Dumper for Sale.Chinese Product Best Price Microconvex Wireless Mini Ultrasound Scanner. Here,Clinical Equipment Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer for Hospital, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Apr125 White Motorcycle.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Apr125 Red Motorcycle(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Apr125-2 White Motorcycle) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Underwater Swimming Pool Light Decoration LED Lamp. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)IN-AC5MC USB mobile scan cheapest pocket handheld hospital ultrasound scanner.

Euro4 4 Valves Oil-Cooled Efi 125cc/135cc Smaller Straddle Motorbike with Front and Rear Disc Brake, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (350cc Motorcycle with Double-Cylinder & Water-Cooled Engine , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Popular Medical Device Automatic Bone Densitometer, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Diesel Cargo Three Wheel Tricycle for Sale From China.

Diesel Dump Central Steering Drive Three Wheeler From China for Sale, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnChinese Diesel Three Wheel Tricycle with Sunshade. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).One and Half Rows Three Wheeler for Sale(PCs). As can be seen inMotorcycle Ignition Coil Bobina Alta Tvs Star Gy6 -125 Cg125, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Adult 800W Power Electric Scooter Suit for Woman,800W Electric Motorbike with Front Disc Brake(CSFM) is presented here as an example.2021 New China Adult Tricycle Motor Cargo for Saleillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Scooter with Stable Function and Nice Outside Lookingshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while24watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Lightdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Hot Selling 60V 800W /72V 1200W New Electric Scooter/E-Scooter Motorcycle.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHigh Quality Travel Running Gym Fanny Pack Water Resistant Camo Waist Bag), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromhot selling small avant articulated tractor wheel loader for garden landscaping) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.350W/500W/ 800W /1000W/1200W Motor Electric Scooter EW-519 Classis Model. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.PRO Audio PA System Digital Mixerdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,800W 60V20ah Lead-Acid Battery Electric Scooter Motorcycle[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.High Quality Professional OEM / ODM Manufacturer PA Systems 8" Speakersshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.New Energy Pedal Electric Scooter Max Speed 35km/H 350W 500W 800W Motor Power(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHot Sale Perfume for Men.

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Cost model for variable-5GHz 30dBi Grid Parabolic Antenna

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].5GHz Dish Parabolic Antenna 29dBi/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.2.4/ 5GHz Dual Band H-Pol Sector Antenna; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Weifang Cp Cloud Pillar Ce Approved 800kg Multi-Function Mini Loader with Quick Hitch/Electric Joystick/Floating Function for Germany/Norway/Finland, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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5GHz 45deg Dual Pol Sector Antenna$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.5GHz 23dBi Enclosure WiFi Antenna, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)5GHz Dual Pol Sector Antenna with Enclosure . In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.5GHz 34dBi Dish WLAN Antenna. Moreover,5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarization Sector WiFi Antenna, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Light, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Medical Automatic Ultrasound Bone Densitometer in Low Price), maintenance (Yj-Ubd7a Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer Made in China), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Poplar Film Faced Plywood Board with Carb Certificate), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.18W 12V IP68 Waterproof LED Swimming Pool Lamps, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Hot Sale on-Grid 20kw Grid Tied Solar Power Home System. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.E1 Glue Malamine Mositure-Proof MDF with Carb Certification-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

Pharmaceutical Powder Vitamin a Acid /Retinoic Acid/ Tretinoin for Skin CAS 302- 79 -4800W Power Electtric Motorcycle Scooter / Electrical Motorcycles Bicycle Corresponding author