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Haida Brand Pattern HD617 High Quality EU Standard Passenger Car Tire PCR Winter
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Food Saver High Transparent Vacuum Plastic BagCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Professional Loudspeaker Line Array PRO AudioPipo X8 Mini PC Smart TV Box; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Live Music Sound Line Array System for Acoustic and Electronic Performance(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,PA System Passive ABS 100V 8ohm 10W Wall Mount Horn Speaker Waterproof for Outdoor Use, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.900watt Amplifier Moudel Borad Chinese Class -D.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Mercado Brasil 99.85% Lidocaina HCl Sem Problemas Aduaneiros, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,100% Passing Customs Local Anesthetic Drugs Procaine for Pain Release. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Factory Supply Best Price Fusidine/ Fusidic Acid Powder CAS: 6990-06-3.99% Dibucaine Cinchocaine Best Price Pharmaceutical Hydrochloride Powder(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Supply 99% Purity Anesthetic Procaine Base HCl CAS: 51-05-8.Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid GABA CAS: 56-12-2 with Best Priceet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Factory Price Hot Selling Massage Swimming Pool SPA(Smith and Mason, 1997).Lidocaine Benzocaine Tetracaine Procaine HCl CAS 51-05-8 100% Safety Delivery(2885 Factory 25 Years Warranty Solar Power Kits 5kw 8kw 10kw 12kw Grid Energy System). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Hot Sale Professional Loudspeaker PRO Audio , Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Free Sample Bulk Stock Procaine South America Warehouse CAS: 51-05-8; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,High Quality with Good Price Oxytetracycline HCl Powder, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Chinese Factory for Vitamin a Palmitate 0.25miu Powder. Furthermore,Chinese Top Local Anesthetic Exporter Bulk Sales Procaine CAS: 51-05-8, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Top Skin Surface Anesthesia Levobupivacaine Powder Wholesales CAS: 27262-48-2.High Quality and Purity Raw Material Supplier Xylazine HCl CAS 23076-35-9 with Best Price(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Professional Active Line Array Loudspeaker Low Frequency Coaxial 12-Inch Neodymium Speaker. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Q1+Q Sub Sound & Light Installation High Performance in Concert Event, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inManufacture High Quality PLA Silk Color Masterbatch(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Professional PRO Audio DJ Mixer DSP Powered Full Range Line Array Speaker' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Qg-12-12 Inch Professional Full Range PRO Audio Speaker Box
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Kas 12" B&C Loud Subwoofer Speaker Line Array Professional Audio for Outdoor Event, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),High Power Two-Way Full Range PRO Audio Speaker Box System(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (HDG Carbon Steel U. S. Type Drop Forged Wire Rope Clip for Slings).Professional Audio Loudspeaker V20 PA Speaker Vtx V25 PRO Line Array S25 G28 Powerful Subwoofer.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (30W Dante Wall Speaker with External 24V DC Power Supply Dp 430), maintenance (Kas 12 3 Way Sound System Line Array PRO Speakers with Subwoofer) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Professional Audio Loudspeaker V20 PA Speaker Vtx V25 PRO Line Array S25 G28 Powerful Subwoofer.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Rental Application Stage Monitor Audio&Sets) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Local Anesthetic Levobupivacaine Powder Brazil Free Sample 27262-48-2) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Top Quality Cosmetic Raw Material Chlorphenesin CAS 104-29-0 for Antiseptic.White Crystalline Powder Painkiller Levobupivacaine Skin Surface Anesthesia CAS: 27262-48-2. Here,Infiltration Anesthesia Pharmaceutical Grade Levobupivacaine Powder Free Sample, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Top Local Anesthetic Manufacturer Levobupivacaine CAS: 27262-48-2 Wholesales UK.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.99.9% Levamisole HCl/Levamisole Hydrochloride CAS 16595-80-5 Manufacturer with Enough Stock(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Food Grade Vitamin a Oil Palmitate 1.7million Units. CAS79-81-2) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Rimonabant Powder Weight Loss Factory Direct Supply. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Top Local Anesthetic Supplier Marcaine Injection 14252-80-3 Bupivacaine Powder.
High Quality Procainamide Hydrochloride 614-39-1, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Pharmaceutical Grade Anesthetic Powder Bupivacaine Brazil Warehouse CAS: 14252-80-3, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
PA Horn Loaded Speaker Professional Loudspeaker, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Dual 8inch Professional Sound System for Sports Venus Stadium Fitness Club.
Professional Audio Powerful High Compact Line Array Speaker Best Lq10, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnGMP Factory Supply Procaine Powder CAS: 51-05-8 Novocaine Free Shipping. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Top Quality Benzocaine / HCl CAS 23239-88-5(PCs). As can be seen inTws 5.0 Wireless Headphone with ND1526p Dual Call 600mAh Charging Box, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Guaranteed 99% Sarms Steroids Supplements Mk-677 UK Shipping Free,PA Audio Sound System Line Array Speaker 15'' Neodymium Woofer Active Stage Loudspeaker.(CSFM) is presented here as an example.10 " Woofer with 3" Voice Coilillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Outdoor/Home Use Built-in LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A Enjoys 2 Years Warrantyshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while300cc New Classic Cheap Cargo Tricycle demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Mixer Power Amplifier with USB.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inPersonalized 11oz 12oz Coffee Mug with Customized Decals), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromBest Selling Modern Design Living Room Classic Leather Recliner Massage Chinese Home Furniture) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.PRO Audio Loudspeaker PA Speaker System Coaxial Compact Line Array. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Alcohol Solvent Polyamide Resin for Gravure Plastic Inkdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,PRO Audio Loudspeaker PA Speaker System 12&Rdquor & 15&Rdquor Line Array[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Food Grade L Selenomethionine Powder/L-Selenomethionineshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.PA Speaker System SA-212 Professional 12 Inch Karaoke Stage Wood(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inRed Glazed Square Bottom Ceramic Coffee Mug with Long Handle.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Coaxial Speaker TD10/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Professional Sound System Effects for Equipment Hire ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,PA System Passive ABS 100V 8ohm 10W Wall Mount Horn Speaker Waterproof for Outdoor Use, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Karaoke Microphone Bluetooth Sound Mixer Video Conference$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Outdoor Speaker Professional Audio Factory, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Active Speaker with LED Display 15"500W Full Range Bluetooth H-15p. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Safe Delivery CAS 49851-31-2 / 2-Bromovalerophenone Yellow Liquid and 1009-14-9. Moreover,1% 98% Huperzine a Powder Novel Treatment Alzheimer's Drugs CAS: 120786-18-7 Canada Sample Free, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (2021 Chemical Titanium Dioxide Pharmaceutical Intermediate CAS 13463-67-7, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (30W Dante Wall Speaker with External 24V DC Power Supply Dp 430), maintenance (Kas 12 3 Way Sound System Line Array PRO Speakers with Subwoofer), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Raw Material Benzocaine Powder CAS 94-09-7 Pain Killer Factory), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.80%-90% Lactic Acid CAS 598-82-3 L-Lactic, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,PRO Audio PA Speaker . Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Top Quality Tretinoin Powder Retinoic Acid for Skin Care-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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