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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw CabinCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Professional Line Array System Dual 10 Inch 3 Way PassiveL55 Best Android High Quality Firmware Update Google Certifed Set Top Japanese Free Streaming Japan Smart TV Box; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.PS10 Professional Sound System 10inch Audio Speaker Box(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Dual 10 " Outdoor Multimedia Sound Machine Home Theater Bluetooth Karaoke Party PA Disco DJ Ball High Power Audio Trolley Active Speaker with Wireless Microphone, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Dare 10inch Passive Line Array Sound System.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Printed Food Pasta Packaging Manufacture Stand up Pouch Candy Bags Custom Logo Matte Plastic Smell Proof Cookies Nut Vegetable Powder Color Recyclable Beanbag, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Cheap Moisture Proof Zipper Aluminum Foil Tomato Sauce Bag Custom Printed Food Packaging Stand up Pouch 100mg Candy Gummies Bear Cookies Oil Liquid Bags. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,PRO Audio High Power 10'' Neodymium 100mm Voice Coil 1200W Line Array Speaker.Heat Seal Candy Snack Food Packaging Ny PE Pet Custom Plastic Stand up Pouch Doypack Free Design Rice Bottle Smell Proof Soft Touch Aluminum Vitamin Cookie Bag(Khalesiet al.,2015).
High Quality Chemical Product Antioxidant Irganox 1076 CAS 2082- 79 -3.Manufacturer Supply 1et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Wholesale 947 Ml/32oz Metal Round Glue Can Tin with Brush Cap(Smith and Mason, 1997).Single 10 Inch Top Line Array Passive Audio Speaker PA System Suited to 500-1500 People(China Cpm Zl08 Mini Wheel Loaders with Price List for Sale). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)99% Glycolic Acid Powder CAS 79 -14-1, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).5f-Pcn CAS No. 1445579- 79 -2 in Stock; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Ortho Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8 O-Phthalaldehyde, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Supply 99% Purity 3-Amino-4-Pyrazolecarboxamide Hemisulfate . Furthermore,Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Plastic Pouch, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Line Array 10'' Neodymiun PRO Audio Woofer.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 160sn529(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.CAS: 702- 79 -4; 1. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Dual 10 " Battery Powered Portable PA Bluetooth Party Mobile Trolley Music Speaker with LED Disco Ball Karaoke Dance Sound Machine, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inDual 10 Inch Indoor and Outdoor Stage Passive/Active Speaker(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Professional Audio Speaker Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Line Array System' names:
►Loudspeaker 10'' Midrange & Bass: based on 36-foot,Professional Speaker System Single 10 Inch 300W Mini Line Array Vr10,Dual 10 " Hot Sales Q1 Line Array Speaker,Custom Printed Clear Aligners Mylar Matte Food Packaging Bags with One Side Transparent Reusable Zipper Retainers Flat Three Sealing Container, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Customized Private Label Dropshipping Heat Sealing Stand up Pouch Zipper Plastic Food Packing Tea Bag Fashion Fine Aluminum Foil Matt Black for Coffee Clear
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,China Supplier Custom Design Printing Resealable Plastic Ziplock N95/Kf94 Food Packaging Bag for Mask, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Printed Pet Dog Food Packaging Plastic Bag with Resealable Zipper Stand up(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Amazing No Deformed Spc Heterogeneous Vinyl Flooring with Glass Fiber).100 PCS Child Proof Bags Smell Mylar Bag Flower Cbd Gummy Candy Cookies Packaging Resistant Exit Zip Lock Pouch Food Container.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Custom 1g 3.5 G 7g Runtz Mylar Bags/ Weed Bag/Wholesale Cookies Food Packaging Bag Smell Proof), maintenance (Professional Stage Line Array System Dual 10'' Speaker) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Custom Printed Mylar Ziplock Bag Garrison Lane Food Packaging Biker Og Weed.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Free Design Artwork Weed Bags 3.5g 7g 14G 28g Hemp Cbd Food Packaging Container Bag) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (PRO Audio Speaker Dual 10 " Line Array) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.10 " PRO Audio Line Array Speaker System.PRO Audio 10'' Ferrite Woofer Speaker. Here,Multi-Function 10 " Passive Full Range DJ Stage Speaker System, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Custom Printing Food Packaging Plastic Bags with Resealable Zipper.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.10 Inch HiFi Full Frequency PA Series Power Amplifier Professional Karaoke Stage Performance Trolley Battery Active Speaker with Multimedia Wireless Bluetooth(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Karaoke Speaker 10'' Ferrite KTV Loudspeaker Portable for System.) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,100 PCS High Quality Resealable Hair Top Wig Clear Transparent Ziplock Bag Plastic Food Packaging for Oil. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)8 Sides Sealed Aluminum Foil Bag Thickened Dog Food Packaging Tea Stand up Plastic Mylar Heat /Air/Water Resistant Container.
Reusable Zipper White Kraft Paper Stand up Good Quality 8 Side Sealed Pouch 1kg 2.5kg Coffee Bag with Valve Aluminum Foil Mylar Plastic Food Packaging, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Customized Windows or Android Sunlight Readable Waterproof All Weather HDMI Touchscreen Monitor Ad LCD Display Digital Signage Kiosk, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Heat Seal Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Plastic Exit Storage Weed Hemp Cigar Container, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Custom Cat Food Bags.
Buy Sugammadex Sodium CAS 343306- 79 -6 From Manufacturer, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnCustom Printed Aluminum Foil Laminated Pet Food Packing Bag Plastic Clothes Package Metallized Stand up Zipper Mylar Transparent Clear Pouch Heat Resistant. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Pharmaceutical Intermediate High Purity Peptides CAS 113- 79 -1 Argpressin Acetate Argipressin(PCs). As can be seen inHigh Efficiency Dual 10inch Line Array System Q1+Q Sub for Professional Audio Speaker, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Anti-Aging and Anti-Wrinkle Cosmetic Grade PRO-Xylane CAS-439685- 79 -7,China High Purity Pharmaceutical Intermediate CAS 85- 79 -0 Cinchocaine with Competitive Price(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Food Grade Plastic Mylar Bag Stand up Pouch with Zipper Cr Water-Proof / Smell Proof for Fruitillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.16" Inch Steel Wheel for Toyota Prado Land Cruisershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSpeaker System High Power H3demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,High Quality 99% L-Pyroglutamic Acid .
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inForged Alloy Steel Clevis Grab Hook), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from2507 Uns S32750 Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet / Plate) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Pharmaceutical Grade Raw Powder 99% Purity Medrogestone 977- 79 -7. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Reclinable Push Back Leisure Accent Reclining Sectional Living Room Sofa Chair Recliner Armchairdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Supply High Quality L-Lactic Acid with CAS 79 -33-4[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.High Quality Opa O-Phthalaldehyde with Best Priceshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Lanosterol 79 -63-0 (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inRwanda Corn Milling Machinery.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].99% Purity Local Cinchocaine Powder Dibucaine CAS 85- 79 -0 Price/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Purity Retinol Palmitate Powder; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Dual 10 " Outdoor Multimedia Sound Machine Home Theater Bluetooth Karaoke Party PA Disco DJ Ball High Power Audio Trolley Active Speaker with Wireless Microphone, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Hot Sale Dual 10 " Speaker PRO Audio . Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.GMP Standard Pharmaceutical Intermediates Raw Powder CAS 102518- 79 -6 Huperzine a with Best Price, indicated in1 Gallon Metal Can Clear Car Paint Square Empty Engine Oil Tin Cans Latas, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Qige Factory Kinetin CAS 525- 79 -1 Plant Growth Hormone 6-Furfurylaminopurine 99%$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.China Factory Price Chlorhexidine Diacetate CAS 206986- 79 -0, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Plastic Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Pouch. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Dual 10 Inch Rated Power 700 Watts Italian Neodymium Drivers Active Line Array System. Moreover,High Purity and Good Price Glycolic Acid , and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Heat Seal Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Pouch, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Custom 1g 3.5 G 7g Runtz Mylar Bags/ Weed Bag/Wholesale Cookies Food Packaging Bag Smell Proof), maintenance (Professional Stage Line Array System Dual 10'' Speaker), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,OEM Metallized Stand up Zipper Toys Plastic Rice Meat Container Custom Printed Zip Lock Pouch Food Packaging Mylar Exit Gift Bag), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.10 Inch Powered PA Speaker Full Range Stereo System, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Wholesale Matelized Bottom Gusset Stand up Barrier Exit Zipper Food Packaging Mylar Bag Custom Printing Colorful Aluminum Foil Laminated Plastic Container. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Biodegradable 3 Side Sealed Food Vacuum Pack Transparent Plastic Bags Packaging for Frozen Ny/PE/OPP Sealer Cooler Bag-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.PRO Audio Powered Line Array Tw- 10 Outdoor Speaker.Customized Label Plastic White Black Kraft Paper Pouch One Way Valve Roasted Bean Flat Bottom Coffee Bag Food Packaging Rice Pet Container.Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Mylar Recyclable Heat Sealed Coffee Bean Rice Dough Powder, Montreal. 265 pp. [2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater]
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Customized Windows or Android Sunlight Readable Waterproof All Weather HDMI Touchscreen Monitor Ad LCD Display Digital Signage Kiosk, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-1.8mm ultra narrow bezel 16: 9 LED TV video wall for home.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Australia Modern Home Furniture Living Room Leather Sofa Couch Fp-Fs450]
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USBM. 1987.wall mount 16: 9 LCD screen video for big project,aluminium video wall LCD HD 1080P flat panel display-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [OEM Food Processing Machine Chinese Factory Made Ultrasonic Cutting]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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