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1000W 2000W Metal Pipe Tube Fiber Laser Cutting Machine
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
2021 New Design 3kwh off Grid Solar Power System LiFePO4 Battery for Home Use with Built-in InverterCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Variable Speed Inverter China Frequency Converter ACMetal Tin with Steel Handle for Paint; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Natural Material Veneer Hand Made Woven for Wall Decoration(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,458 Alicosolar High Efficiency 10kw on Grid Solar System Kit Home with CE/TUV/ISO for Use, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.5kw Single Phase Home Grid Tied Solar Power System.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Hot Sale 15kw Grid Tied Solar Photovoltaic Power System, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,5kw Inverter Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,975 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory/House Roof.Rosen 55kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Cheap Factory Price China Supplier 1000W Adult Electric Scooters/Electric Motorcycle for Sale.Hot Cheap Electric Scooter 60V800W20ah for Adult From Chinaet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Natural Oak/Walnut/Cherry/Maple Veneer Commercial Plywood/Fancy Plywood for Furniture(Smith and Mason, 1997).Luxury 350W 2 Wheel Electric Bike Scooter/Electric Moped with Pedals Motorcycle Scooter(Solar Pump Frequency Inverter MPPT Fuction 15kw Made in China). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Cheap Cute Electric Scooter with Foot Pedal 60V800W20ah From China, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).China Qingzhou Titan Zl08f 0.8ton Mini Small Garden Tractor Front End Wheel Loader; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Three Phase 220V Frequency Converter with Vector Control, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.China Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive. Furthermore,2021 Big Promotion Product Adult 1200W Electric Bike Motorcycle Without Pedals, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 200HP.Factory Price Wholesale 4oz-32oz Empty PVC Glue Tin Can with Brush(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Okoume Veneer. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Luneng Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inBest Selling 4X4 Farm ATV(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Chinese Factory Tin Can with Brush for Glue and Sealants Adgesives' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,968 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,0.15mm Rosewood Veneer, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Interior Decorative Woven Veneer Customized Style(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (4K Television 75" Inch TV).4WD Wheel Loader Manufacture Small Radlader 1.0 Ton Mini780.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Farm Machinery Zl08f Mini Wheel Loader with 4 in 1 Bucket), maintenance (Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Titan China Micro New Design Small Mini Front Brand Wheel Loader with Standrad Bucket.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.0.6mm----2mm AAA Grade White Poplar Wood Veneer for Plywood Usage.Chinese Suppliers B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer. Here,Wolf Baumaschinen Zl08 Radlader with Canopy, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Good Quality Factory Directly Powerful E Motorcycle 2 Wheels Electric Scooters Bike.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Quarter Cut Ebano Makassar Chapa De Madera PARA Cocina Puerta(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-0.25-1.0mm Hot Sale Natural Red Beech Veneer for Furniture) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Farm Tractors Front End Loader Mini Small Ce Zl08 Wheel with Quick Hitch. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Cute City Electric Scooter 600V800W14ah Lithium Battery for Adults.
Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Natural Wood Veneer Oak /Cherry/Walnut MDF Board, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Zl08 0.8ton Mini Tractor Backhoe Front End Farm Wheel Loader Price List, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Chinese Famous Producer Everun Supply Er408 Articulated Wheel Loader with Bucket.
0.3mm Rotary Cut Red Wood Veneer, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnFactory-Quater Cut Okoume Veneer /Mahogany in 0.50mm. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin(PCs). As can be seen in4-20mA Diffused Silicon Micro Size Hygienic Pressure Transducer, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Everun CE Approved 0.8 Ton Front End Loader,Empty Lubricant Oil Tin Can Packaging for Motor(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Low Frequency Inverter AC Driveillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.6speed 20inch Wheel Aluminum Alloy Folding Mountain Bikeshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while15HP Three Phase Frequency Converterdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,974 Solar 30kw 40kw 50kw on Grid Tie Power System for House/Factory Roof.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inNew Item High Pearl Long Lasting Eco-Friendly Metallic Nail Polish), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromTop Local Anesthetic Manufacturer Levobupivacaine CAS: 27262-48-2 Wholesales UK) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.New Products Customized Support 1080P Decoder Box H. 265 TV with Internet Port. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.AL908 0.8ton Wheel Loader Machinery for Saledemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,2393 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Modern Simple Living Room L Shape Corner Recliner Sectional Sofashows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Factory Product 4K Android TV Box Mxq PRO Rk3229 7.1 1GB 8GB(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHigh-End Custom Award with Gold Plating for Ceremony Use.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Best Price Food Tin Metal Box Clip Lid Candy Can/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.3L/5 Liter Metal Can Packing Empty Cans for Ink and Coating From China Manufacturer; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,458 Alicosolar High Efficiency 10kw on Grid Solar System Kit Home with CE/TUV/ISO for Use, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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488 Alicosolar High Quality 20kw on Grid Solar System 20000W Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.969 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)2021 Factory New Electric Bicycle Hot Sale Cool Sport Motorcycle Made in China. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Rosen 9kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market. Moreover,Frequency Converter 200HP Three Phases, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Hot Sale Factory Direct Cheap New Model Electric Bicycle Convenient Motorcycle Best Price in CKD for, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Farm Machinery Zl08f Mini Wheel Loader with 4 in 1 Bucket), maintenance (Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,OEM 6kw Home Grid Tied Solar Power System Without Battery), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Al-Gw6 China Best Adult Electric Motorcycle Scooter for Sale, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,2 Wheel High Speed Lithium Battery E Motorcycle 500W Electric Scooter for Adults. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.800kg Wolf Zl08 Wheel Hoflader Loader Mini Bagger with Attachments-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 75HP.Frequency Converter 75HP Three Phases.Hot Sell for European Countries 48V 20ah Lithium Battery Fast Food Delivery Electric Motorcycle, Montreal. 265 pp. [Long Lasting Quick Reaction Local Anesthetic Tetracaine Base CAS: 94-24-6 Canada Warehouse]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.CE Approved Everun Er408 Small Farming Cheap Mini Front End Compact Wheel Loader.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin.Hot Sell for European Countries 48V 20ah Lithium Battery Fast Food Delivery Electric Motorcycle, Montreal. 319 pp. [Seal Kits Komatsu PC200-5/6 Boom Cyl Kit]
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Prasad, L. 1969.China E-Bike Manufacturer Dropship Electro Motorcycle Electric Beach Cruiser Bicycle Chopper for Girls.Zl08 0.8t Hot Sale Small Yard Loader Mini Tractor Front End, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Montreal. pp. 3-15. [China Factory Supplier Ophthalmic Equipment Ab Scan]
Natural Wood Veneer Oak /Cherry/Walnut MDF Board, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Wl80 Mini Loader with Yanmar Engine.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [200cc Reverse Wholesale Motor Light Three Wheel Motorcycle ]
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USBM. 1987.Lithium Battery Brushless Adult Bike 350W 400W 500W 48V Electric Motorcycle,Solar Energy System 10kw 15kw Grid Tied Hybrid PV-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Grain Collection Pneumatic Components Speed Adalah Rubber Belt Type]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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