GENERAL PAPERS

L Auto Gas LPG Conversion Kit / Car 4 Cyl Sequential Injection SystemCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Waterproof IP66 Adjustable High Power LED Stadium Lamp 100W 200W 300W 400W 600W 800W 1000W 1200W 1500W Flood Light800W Aluminium Alloy Wheel Hubs Sport Electric Motorcycle; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Quality 1L 32oz Amber Glass Bottle in Stock(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Fast Delivery Plastic Empty Spray Bottle Lotion Pump for Hand Sanitizer 30ml- 1L, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.1L Stainless Steel 304 Bottle with Clamp and Silicone Gasket.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Automatic Pure/Mineral Bottle Water Packing Machine , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,1000ml 71g 1L HDPE Plastic Bottle for Chemical Powders Liquids. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,300/650ml/ 1L Plastic Shampoo Cosmetic Pump Bottle.250ml 300ml 500ml 1L Clear Glass Juice Bottle Milk(Khalesiet al.,2015).

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Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (8mm Thickness 316ss IP68 RGB DC12V 18W External Control Mode LED Swimming Pool Light, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in2.4GHz Outdoor Wireless Bridge 300Mbps Tdma High Power 500MW(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;IP68 8W-35W Surface Mounted Green Color LED Underwater Swimming Light' names:

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►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Shrink Wrapping Machine for Water Packing , blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),IP68 8W-42W Surface Mounted Multi-Color LED Underwater Swimming Light(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (UPVC Windows and Doors Sliding or Casement as Request Large Manufacture).3kwh Rechargeable Battery Solar Energy Power System.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (55% Rubber Content Tyre High Performance Diagonal Motorcycle Tires 200/55- 17), maintenance (DOT Certified Natural Rubber Motorcycle Tires 3.00- 17 with Golden Quality) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,55% Rubber Content Tyre China High Quality Motorcycle Tires 2.75- 17.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Professional Factory Motorcycle Tyre and Motorbike ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (High Quality Motorcycle Parts Tyre ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Plastic Bottles Semi Automatic Film Shrink Wrapping Machine / Packing.High Speed Bottles Shrink Wrapping Machine/Group Packing Machine. Here,Can Beer Use Automatic PE Film Heat Shrink Wrapping Group Packaging Machine for Half Paper Box Juice Production Line, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-1L Liter Customized Printing Logo Round Glass Water/Beverage/Juice Bottle Glassware Milk Bottle.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Ce ISO SGS Certification Wd Series Full Automatic Linear Type PE Plastic Film Stretch Shrink Wrapping Machine Packaging(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-3kwh 150ah Solar Home System Li-ion Battery Factory) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Excellent Motorcycle Cylinder for Gy6 -100 . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)3kwh Power Supply Solar Energy Battery Pack.

25kw Electromagnetic Induction Heater for Tools Welding, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Adjustable IP65 Lumileds SMD5050 Meanwell 800W LED Flood Light, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Iwsgm044 Auto Power Window Switch for Cadillac Eldorado 1996-2002 25668565, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Mc4 Connector Combiner Box with 600V MCB for off Grid Solar System.

Professional Manufacture Y Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector PV, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnElectric Portable DOT Peen Vin Number Marking Machine for Flange Numbering. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Highly Quality 1500V Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector IP67 PV(PCs). As can be seen inWheel Loader Mini Wolf Wl80 with Forks, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.21% Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Caprolactam Grade Crystallineshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileCarb /SGS Wood Fiber New Design 1220*2440mm Melamine MDFdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,1000V Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector IP67 PV.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in1209 Dual-Color Red/Yellow Green SMD LED with RoHS), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from12 Inch Stage Subwoofer Home Theater/DJ Sub PRO Audio) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Thermal RF & Fractional Wrinkle Removal. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Covered Tricycle Passenger Enclosed Cabin 3 Wheel Motorcycledemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,1L 2L 5L 10L 100ml 200ml 500ml Wine Glass Bottles[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Food Grade Container 1 Liter Square Olive Oil Latest Design Metal Tin Cansshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Wrinkle Removal Super RF Beauty Machine(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inPlywood Making Machine Spindle Less Veneer Rotary for Sale.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Mc4y Tyco Solar Connector/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Mc4 Electronic Connector; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Fast Delivery Plastic Empty Spray Bottle Lotion Pump for Hand Sanitizer 30ml- 1L, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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1L 2L 5 L Plastic HDPE Powder Bottles$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Solar Tool Set/Bad/Box Cable Stripping Wire Cutter Mc4 Connector Spanner Wrench for PV System Panel 14-10AWG 2.5-6mm2, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)30watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.All Terrain Vehicle Tyres ATV Wheel. Moreover,1L Plastic Trigger Sprayer Bottle with Spray, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Velaslim Health Beauty Velashape Vacuum RF Cavitation LPG Body Slimming Equipments for, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (55% Rubber Content Tyre High Performance Diagonal Motorcycle Tires 200/55- 17), maintenance (DOT Certified Natural Rubber Motorcycle Tires 3.00- 17 with Golden Quality), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,20MHz RF Best Technology for Skin Tighten), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Massage Lymphatic Drainage Body Shaping Slimming Beauty Apparatus, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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