GENERAL PAPERS

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S. Arfania; A.R.Hot Good Bulk Quality 60V800W20ah Electric Motor Scooter for Ladies1L /1.5L Glass Juice Bottle/Beverage Bottle; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Al-Gw6 Fast Electric Motorcycle Speed 60km/H Kits(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Titan Chargeuses Cheap Small Log China Mini Digger Loader with European Quick Hitch, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Chinese Factory Direct Supply Lithium Battery Electric Scooter LCD Display Motorcycle E-Scooter.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Cheap Chinese Moped Scooter with Lithium Battery Rechargeable Electric Motos Motorcycle, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,2021 Wuxi Best Selling New Type Racing Mobility Adults 2 Wheels Electric Motorcycles E Motos CKD Scooters. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Grid Tied Solar Energy System 5kw 10kw 20kw 50kw 100kw 200kw 300kw 500kw.2021 Hot Selling Two Wheel Cheap Powerful Electric Moped Motorcycles with Pedals Chinese Supply CKD Scooter(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Titan OEM New Type Qingzhou Loadefr Factory RC Avant Mini Wheel Loaders with Ce.Zl08 0.8 Ton Garden Tractor Pay Loader 800kg Miniet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 1L 2L 5 L Plastic HDPE Powder Bottles(Smith and Mason, 1997).Titan Mini Loader 800kg New Front End Radloader with Spare Parts Best Shipping Agent Service(China Hot Selling 1500cc Amphibious Watercraft). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Wolf Shovel Loader E5 for Agriculture Work, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Fast Delivery 2 Wheel Lithium Battery Electric Bike Lady Bicycle Motorcycle in Stock; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Wolf Wl80 Mini Dumper Loader with Bucket, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Everun Er408 800kg Construction Equipment Compact Mini Wheel Loader with Bucket. Furthermore,Agricultural Machine Small Wheel Loader Mini780 with CE Certificate, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Cheap Price Zl08 0.8ton China Mini Articulated Hydraulic Front End Tractor Loaders.Zl08f 0.8ton China Cheap Price Articulated Tractor Front Wheel Loader(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Factory Price Zl08 Mini Articulated Hydraulic Front End Farm Wheel Loader. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Factory Supply OEM Support Mxq PRO Rockchip Rk3229 Android 7.1 TV Box, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHigh Quality Ebony Engineered Wood Veneer for Hot Sale(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Natural Okoume Venner 0.90mmx6X9FT' names:

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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),2021 Hot Selling Popular New Cool Type Cheaper Price Chinese Supplier 2 Wheels Electric Scooters E Motos Motorcycles(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (3ply Disposable Medical Face Mask with Meltblown Filter).Windows Mini PC Pipo X10 PRO Z8350 Chipset Smart TV Box Android 5.1 4G RAM 64G ROM.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (5 Liter Paint Tin Can with Customized Printing Plastic Handle), maintenance (2 Liter Square Small Metal Tin Can for Paint with Handle and Lid) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,502 Alicosolar High Quality 30kw on Grid Solar System 30000W Power Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (2382 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (HK1 Smart TV Box Amlogic S905W Android 7.1 Quad Core 2GB 16GB) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Innopack 5L Paint Engine Oil Tin Can with Plastic Handle.Innopack Food Grade Metal Tin Can for Edible Cooking Oil in Low Price. Here,Cheapest Price Mxq PRO Rk3229 4K Android TV Box 1GB 8GB Smart Set Top Download User Manual Firmware Update Wholesale Model, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Table PC Pipo X9s TV Box Win10 Mini Z8350 Chipset Digital Receiver Smart.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Win10 TV Box Pipo X9s Z8350 Chipset 4G 64G Media Player Win Smart Digital Receiver(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Variable Speed Inverter China Frequency Converter AC) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Natural Material Veneer Hand Made Woven for Wall Decoration. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)458 Alicosolar High Efficiency 10kw on Grid Solar System Kit Home with CE/TUV/ISO for Use.

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whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

5kw Inverter Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,975 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory/House Roof.

Rosen 55kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnCheap Factory Price China Supplier 1000W Adult Electric Scooters/Electric Motorcycle for Sale. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Hot Cheap Electric Scooter 60V800W20ah for Adult From China(PCs). As can be seen inZl08f Titanhi 800kg Mini Hydraulic Shovel Wheel Loader with Ce, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Cheap Cute Electric Scooter with Foot Pedal 60V800W20ah From China,China Qingzhou Titan Zl08f 0.8ton Mini Small Garden Tractor Front End Wheel Loader(CSFM) is presented here as an example.1HP Frequency Converter Vector Three Phaseillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Zl08f Mini Tractor Articulated Hydraulic Front End Wheel Loadershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileMaster Batch Organic Colorsdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Three Phase 220V Frequency Converter with Vector Control.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in48W 2 in 1 Nail Art Gel Polish Light LED UV Lamp with Table), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromSingle/Three Phase 220V 380V Vector Control Frequency Converter) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.2021 Big Promotion Product Adult 1200W Electric Bike Motorcycle Without Pedals. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Super Operation System Cavitation + RF Vacuum Roller Bio Laser Slimming Machinedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 200HP[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 125HPshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Factory Price Wholesale 4oz-32oz Empty PVC Glue Tin Can with Brush(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inQt3-20 Automatic Cement Concrete Block Brick Making Machine.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Luneng Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Chinese Factory Tin Can with Brush for Glue and Sealants Adgesives; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Titan Chargeuses Cheap Small Log China Mini Digger Loader with European Quick Hitch, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Square Tin with Airtight Lever Lid for Tea$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Hot Sale Factory Direct Easy Open Tin Can for Food Cannery, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)968 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.0.15mm Rosewood Veneer. Moreover,Interior Decorative Woven Veneer Customized Style, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (4WD Wheel Loader Manufacture Small Radlader 1.0 Ton Mini780, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (5 Liter Paint Tin Can with Customized Printing Plastic Handle), maintenance (2 Liter Square Small Metal Tin Can for Paint with Handle and Lid), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Farm Machinery Zl08f Mini Wheel Loader with 4 in 1 Bucket), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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