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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160sn567Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.55" HD 1080P Commercial LED Screen Video Wall LCD DisplayGlue E1 Carb Plain Mositure-Proof MDF; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.A+ grade LCD wall panel surveillance high brightness screen(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Seamless 1920*1080 Pixel High Resolution LCD Monitor 49", required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.PA 10 -35W 5.25'' Sound Ceiling Speaker.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P screen monitor LCD video wall, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,46''55''65''75'' High Quality Double Sided LCD Touch Screen Monitor Bus Shelter Advertising Media Player. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,High Purity Amino Acid L-Arginine Powder.High Efficiency 10inch Transducers PS10 for Best PA Speaker(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Active 10 " Line Array with Calss-D Amplifier and Built-in DSP.65''75'' Factory Whole Sale IP65 Windows Waterproof Double Sided Outdoor Totem LCD Kiosket al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 2021 New Cheap Hot Sale Adults Small Electric 800W Motorcycle with Pedals(Smith and Mason, 1997).10 Inch High-Power Professional PA Subwoofer Speaker(Wl80 Mini Loader From Wolf). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Professional 10 Inches Rcf Aluminum PA Speaker Frame, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Peq- 10 Dwb PA Speaker with Class-Ab Mono Amplifier Portable Bluetooth; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,PRO Audio 10'' Neodymiun Line Array Speaker System Falante, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Dual 10 " Outdoor Wooden PA System Bluetooth Trolley Smart Speaker. Furthermore,Double 10inch Line Array System Box , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Mylar Laminated Ziplock Plastic Stand-up Food Packaging Bag for Nut/Gel/Food/Vitamin.PA /CPP Rotort Pouch(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.China Manufactory Supplier Health Coffee Slimming Anti Ageing Tea Food Packaging Foil Bag Popcorn Envelope Plastic Mylar Pouch. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Chin Top Supplier Supply L- , 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inPipo X10 4G/64G Intel Quad Core RAM Latest Dual OS Mini PC/TV Box Better Than X8(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Pharmaceutical Industry CAS 643- 79 -8 O-Phthalaldehyde' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Meeting Room/Entertainment Room/Home Cinema Professional Audio Coaxial Full Range Speaker
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Raw Material 99% Tretinoin Powder/Retinoic Acid CAS 302- 79 -4, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Bloom Tech API Ceftriaxone Sodium 104376- 79 -6(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (High Quality Carbon Steel Black Slotted Nut Castle Cap Castellated Flower).St-10 10kw St-12 12kw St-15 15kw St-20 20kw Generator Alternator.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Generator Automatic Controller Eim 258 -9754 Engine Interface Module), maintenance (99% Pure High Quality Anesthetics Cinchocaine 85- 79 -0) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Custom Printed Food Grade Ziplock Plastic Pouch Packaging Bag.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (PA /Pet/PE/Kraft Laminated Printing Stand up Pouch Food Grade) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Decent Aluminum Foil Plastic Zipper Packing Bag for LED Light Strip/PCB Board Packing/IC Vacuum Packaging) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.High Temperature Vacuum Retort Pouch for Food Packaging.Oxygen Absorbers Food Packaging Vacuum Packed Bag for Cookies. Here,Thermoforming Nylon/Ny Frozen Chicken Meat Packing Vacuum Sealer Bag, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-High Barrier Vacuum Bag& Packaging Films for Food Pakcing.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Custom Plastic Vacuum Bag for Rice Packaging Bricks Bags(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Oxygen Barrier Transparent Vacuum Plastic Bag) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Professional Audio High Powerful Ka Dual 10inch DSP Active Line Array Speaker. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)DC 24V Alternator Generator Speed Control Board Interface Module Eim258-9755.
Fruit and Vegetables Packaging Materials Vacuum Nylon Bag, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (7 Layers or 9 11 Co-Extruded Freezer Food Storage Bag, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Professional Audio 350W Sound System Single 10 Inch PRO Line Array Speaker , R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Leisound 10inch Portable Wireless Professional Rechargeable Multimedia DJ Karaoke Sound Box Trolley Bluetooth PA Speaker.
10 Inch High Quality PA Speaker 10tbx100, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnPA Audio System 5" 10 -35W Ceiling Speaker. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Ultra Low Nosie 10 Channles Mixer Mixing Console (PCs). As can be seen inManufacturer Supply 1, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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42 Inch Alone Standing Interactive LCD Touch Screen Information Kiosk,55 Inch HD Outdoor Indoor LCD Advertising Digital TV Video Wall Smart Displayer(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Dual 10inch Professional PRO Audio Speaker Systemillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Srx715 Single 15" Speaker Cabinet PRO Audio Systemshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileLight Duty Hand Held Boiler Pipe Tube Cutter Bevellerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Horn Speaker M-776.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in10oz Glossy Black Sublimation Mugs with Bottom), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHot Sale Mini High Frequency 25kw Induction Heater Price) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Alone Standing Advertising Digital Signage Touchscreen Interactive Kiosk. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Globalipl RF Roller Vacuum Slimming Apparatusdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,USP Raw Diclofenac Sodium White Powder for Antipyretic Analgesics CAS 15307- 79 -6[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Horn Speaker M-776shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Wilson Parts Eim Module Engine Interface Control 258 -9753(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inAnti-Theft Travel Backpack Promotional Men Business Laptop Bag for Outdoor.
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Cost model for variable-Generator Engine Interface Module Controller Eim Plus 24V 258 -9756 for Fg Wilson
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].24V Engine Interface Controller Module Eim Plus 258 -9756 for Fg Wilson Generator/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Medrogestone Top Quality Low Price 977- 79 -7; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Seamless 1920*1080 Pixel High Resolution LCD Monitor 49", required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Cosmetic Grade CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid Powder$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.CAS: 79 -44-7 Dimethylcarbamoyl Chloride , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Diesel Engine Eim630-465 12V Eim630-466 24V 258 -9755 PCB650-091 650-092 Generator PCB Controller Panel Circuit Board Interface Module Speed. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Kinetin; CAS No: 525- 79 -1; 6-Furfurylaminopurine; 6-Kt. Moreover,Good Quality CAS: 97240- 79 -4 Topiramate Powder Price, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (High Purity 99% Intermediate 1, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Generator Automatic Controller Eim 258 -9754 Engine Interface Module), maintenance (99% Pure High Quality Anesthetics Cinchocaine 85- 79 -0), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Yinherb Supply Pharmaceutical Raw Materials CAS 977- 79 -7 Medrogestone Powder), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.High Quality Tretinoin with Good Price , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Cosmetic Raw Material CAS 20449- 79 -0 Extract Powder Bee Venom Melittin. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Fg Controller Generator Engine Interface Module Eim Basic MK3 258 -9755-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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7 Layers or 9 11 Co-Extruded Freezer Food Storage Bag, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-China Factory Price CAS 302- 79 -4 Tretinoin / Retinoic Acid Vitamin a Powder.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Hot selling compact 800kgs wheel loader for garden]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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