GENERAL PAPERS

Digital Tuner Cost modelling for flotation machines

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Mag City Scooter 80km Range Two Wheel Electric Motorcycle(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Electric Scooter/ Motorcycle/TM-BQ, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Commerical Okoume Plywood for Sale.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Go Kart , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,New Go Kart . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Everun 0.8ton Mini Wheel Loader with Euro III Engine.New Model AL908 0.8ton Mini Wheel Loader with Wood Grapple for Sale(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Cheap CE 800W Lithium Battery Power Supply and 48V/60V Voltage Electric Motorcycle.5HP 50Hz 60Hz 3.7kw 3 Phase VFD Variable Frequency Drive for Motoret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 150cc Gy6 Engine Gasoline Scooter(Smith and Mason, 1997).High Quality 18W 12V IP68 Waterproof LED Swimming Pool Lamps with Edison Chip(Wholesales Veterinary Drugs Tiletamine HCl 14176-50-2 USA Warehouse). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)50Hz 60Hz 220V/380V Vector Control AC Variable Frequency Drive, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).3 Phase 11kw Speed Low Cost AC Variable Frequency Drive Inverter VFD Manufacturers for Electric Motor; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Triple Phase 380V 50Hz 60Hz 7kw AC Variable Frequency Converter, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Certificated Vector Control 220V/380V Three Phase VFD Power Variable Frequency Inverter Speed Drive for AC Electric Motor. Furthermore,Growatt Solar Inverter 17kw 20kw 25kw Grid Tied Three Phase on Power System, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-No Flicker Glare 18watt Warm White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lights with Edison LED Chip.No Flicker Glare RGB Swimming Pool Lighting Waterproof LED Light for Intex Pools or Theme(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.TUV Certificate Gried Tied on Grid 30kw Solar Power System. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (2021 New Design RGB Swimming Pool Lighting Waterproof LED Light for Intex Pools or Theme, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in800W Electric Motorbike with Front Disc Brake(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;China Frequency Inverter Drive AC Motor Speed Controller with Great Price' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,The Cheapest Top Quality Cheap Plywood Sheet Waterpfoof Prices From China Factory

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Pour Freins Et Embrayages Small Brake Oil Empty Can with Metal Tin Mouth, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Race 4 Stroke Gasoline 9HP Reverse Transmission Go Kart(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (High quality Chinese sliding steering charger).Electric Scooter 800W 60V20ah Lead Acid.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (hot selling small avant articulated tractor wheel loader for garden landscaping), maintenance (UV White Birch Plywood 18mm Carb E0 Cabinet) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,18mm Pine/Combi Core Waterproof Plastic Black Film Faced Plywood.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (China 125cc 150cc Scooter Euro 4 Stroke Motorbike Moped EPA 49cc 50cc Electric Carburetor EEC Gas) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Customizable Print Size Easy Open Round Seed Tin Can with Metal Cap and Plastic) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.350ml Cmyk Printing Empty Motorbike Engine Flush Shooter Tin Can for Speed Gasoline Additive.French Hot Sale Huile D'olive Food Grade Packing Olive Oil Tin Can. Here,250ml Round Linseed Perilla Seed Oil Tin Can with 28mm Flip Top Cap, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-SGS Food Grade Certification 500ml Tin Containers Olive Oil Can.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Wholesale Round Food Packaging Empty Tin Metal Cooking Oil Cans(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-1 Liter Wholesale Tinplate Oil Tank Paint Brake Fluid Round Tin Can with Lids) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,2021 Everun New Design Er408 Small Front End Loader 0.8ton Mini Wheel. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)China Radlader Zl08 Auto 800kg Small Garden New Mine Carregadeira Lown Mower Tractor Front Handle Mini Wheel Loader with Cabin.

Chinese Eougem Zl08 Wheel Loader with Torque Converter, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Articulated Mini Wheel Loader Er08 Telescopic Boom, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Cable TV Pendoo X99 Max Rk3399 4G 32g Android 7.1 Internet Smart Box with HD Satellite Receiver, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Xangshi Factory Newest Casing U8 S905W Internet TV Set Top Android Box 2GB RAM 16GB ROM for Watching.

New Design Go Kart 150cc , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnExternal Rubber Antenna for Huawei Modem B315 B593 Mf283 4G Lte with SMA Male Router. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).48V/60V 800W Electric Scooter with Lead-Acid Battery(PCs). As can be seen inCustom Printed Aluminum Foil Mylar Kraft Paper Stand up Flat Bottom Side Gusset Food Grade Packaging Bag Pouch with Zipper Recyclable Barrier Rice Coffee, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Electric Motorcycle 800W for Adult Motor,Hot Sale Lady Style 60V 800W 20ah Electric Scooter with USB(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Special Design Braided Veneer with Red Walnutillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150sm145shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while20MHz RF with New Technology for Body Tighteningdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,800W -1000W 60V/72V Electric Scooter with Lead-Acid Battery.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inWe- 300b Digital Display Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine Tensile Test), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromZl08f Construction Machine Farm Tractors Mini Compact Loaders) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Solar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat IP68 LED Wall Mounted Pool Lamp with Ce RoHSdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,200kw Grid Tied Solar System for Factory Use[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Kraft Paper Bag /Stand-up Food-Packaging-Bag for Dry Food/Mylar Aluminum Foil Laminated Bio High Quality Plastic Food Packaging Hempshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Grid Tied Inverter 10kw 15kw 20kw Home Set Solar System(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWeddng Gown LV1504.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Commercial Solar System 100kw Grid Tied /on 100kVA 60kw/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Bintangor Okoume Pencil Ceder Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Electric Scooter/ Motorcycle/TM-BQ, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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High Efficiency 6kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.China Safe Automatic CVT 150cc Go Kart Motor with Reverse, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)3 Phase VFD Vector AC Drives 1.5kw 2.2kw 4kw Variable Frequency Drive. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Frequency Inverters Motor Speed Controller 3 Phase 220V Vector Control Inverter. Moreover,Carb P2 Plywood/EPA Plywood /Okoume, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Carb E0 Glue Cabinets Grade 18mm White Birch Plywood From China, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (hot selling small avant articulated tractor wheel loader for garden landscaping), maintenance (UV White Birch Plywood 18mm Carb E0 Cabinet), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Variable Speed Drive Phree Phase Frequency Converter 1000Hz), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Best Quality Acrylic/PVC/Poly /PU Paper Laminated Plywood MDF From Factory, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,3 Phase VFD AC Drives 1.5kw 2.2kw 4kw Variable Frequency Drive. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Carb P2 Okoume Plywood for Furniture-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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