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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
12 Inch Karaoke Bar KTV Speaker Professional PA Passive StageCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.PRO Audio 10'' Ferrite Woofer SpeakerAluminum Foil Plastic Papacking Vacuum Puffed Food Bag; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Multi-Function 10 " Passive Full Range DJ Stage Speaker System(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Custom Printing Food Packaging Plastic Bags with Resealable Zipper, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.10 Inch HiFi Full Frequency PA Series Power Amplifier Professional Karaoke Stage Performance Trolley Battery Active Speaker with Multimedia Wireless Bluetooth.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Karaoke Speaker 10'' Ferrite KTV Loudspeaker Portable for System., sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,100 PCS High Quality Resealable Hair Top Wig Clear Transparent Ziplock Bag Plastic Food Packaging for Oil. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,8 Sides Sealed Aluminum Foil Bag Thickened Dog Food Packaging Tea Stand up Plastic Mylar Heat /Air/Water Resistant Container.Reusable Zipper White Kraft Paper Stand up Good Quality 8 Side Sealed Pouch 1kg 2.5kg Coffee Bag with Valve Aluminum Foil Mylar Plastic Food Packaging(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Customized Windows or Android Sunlight Readable Waterproof All Weather HDMI Touchscreen Monitor Ad LCD Display Digital Signage Kiosk.Heat Seal Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Plastic Exit Storage Weed Hemp Cigar Containeret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Motorcycle Parts Sparking Plug for Cg125 Cg200 Cg150 Gy6 -150(Smith and Mason, 1997).Custom Cat Food Bags(Home Use 6kw Grid Tied Solar Power System with High Performance). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Buy Sugammadex Sodium CAS 343306- 79 -6 From Manufacturer, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Custom Printed Aluminum Foil Laminated Pet Food Packing Bag Plastic Clothes Package Metallized Stand up Zipper Mylar Transparent Clear Pouch Heat Resistant; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Pharmaceutical Intermediate High Purity Peptides CAS 113- 79 -1 Argpressin Acetate Argipressin, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Factory Supply Tretinoin / Retinoic Acid Vitamin a CAS 302- 79 -4. Furthermore,Anti-Aging and Anti-Wrinkle Cosmetic Grade PRO-Xylane CAS-439685- 79 -7, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-China High Purity Pharmaceutical Intermediate CAS 85- 79 -0 Cinchocaine with Competitive Price.High Quality 99% L-Pyroglutamic Acid (SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Factory Supply 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 716- 79 -0 with Best Price. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Pharmaceutical Grade Raw Powder 99% Purity Medrogestone 977- 79 -7, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inPA Speaker with Line Array Tweeter Horn (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Supply High Quality L-Lactic Acid with CAS 79 -33-4' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Hot Sale Dual 10 " Speaker PRO Audio
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,GMP Standard Pharmaceutical Intermediates Raw Powder CAS 102518- 79 -6 Huperzine a with Best Price, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Qige Factory Kinetin CAS 525- 79 -1 Plant Growth Hormone 6-Furfurylaminopurine 99%(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Tungsten Carbide Wire Drawing Dies for Metal).China Factory Price Chlorhexidine Diacetate CAS 206986- 79 -0.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Plastic Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Pouch), maintenance (Dual 10 Inch Rated Power 700 Watts Italian Neodymium Drivers Active Line Array System) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,High Purity and Good Price Glycolic Acid .076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Heat Seal Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Pouch) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (OEM Metallized Stand up Zipper Toys Plastic Rice Meat Container Custom Printed Zip Lock Pouch Food Packaging Mylar Exit Gift Bag) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.10 Inch Powered PA Speaker Full Range Stereo System.Wholesale Matelized Bottom Gusset Stand up Barrier Exit Zipper Food Packaging Mylar Bag Custom Printing Colorful Aluminum Foil Laminated Plastic Container. Here,Biodegradable 3 Side Sealed Food Vacuum Pack Transparent Plastic Bags Packaging for Frozen Ny/PE/OPP Sealer Cooler Bag, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-3X3 video wall LCD HD 1080P digital display screen.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Food Saver High Transparent Vacuum Plastic Bag(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Cvr 2021 New 10'' Line Array Professional) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,10'' Red Steel Woofer. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Single 10 Inch Two Way Professional Passive Coaxial Monitor Speaker.
Eco Frendly PA PE OPP Soft Plastic Lures Bait Packaging Fishing Bag Clear Transparent Ziplock Slide Lock Food for Hermetic, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Waterproof Outdoor Dual 10 " Line Array, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Aluminum Foil Self Sealing Digital Plastic Packaging Bag Glossy Holographic Stand up Clear Front Laser Film Food with Zipper, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Laminated for Coffee Cookie Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Medical Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Ziplock Barrier Exit Container.
PRO Audio Powered Line Array Tw- 10 Outdoor Speaker, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnCustomized Label Plastic White Black Kraft Paper Pouch One Way Valve Roasted Bean Flat Bottom Coffee Bag Food Packaging Rice Pet Container. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Mylar Recyclable Heat Sealed Coffee Bean Rice Dough Powder(PCs). As can be seen inOriginal Hot Selling NTN Timken Koyo SKF Taper Roller Bearing 512/630m 512/630/So 5692/670 572/ 710 5692/800 5692/950 /Auto, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Morin Professional Audio 10inch Line Array Speaker Tw- 10 & Tw-18 Sub,Custom Printed Aluminum Foil Mylar Kraft Paper Stand up Flat Bottom Side Gusset Food Grade Packaging Bag Pouch with Zipper Recyclable Barrier Rice Coffee(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Speaker Tcx- 10illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Modern Antique Reproduction French Metal Sofashows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileElectric Scooter/ Motorcycle/TM-Monyademonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Coffee Bean Three-Side Sealed Mylar Chocolate.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inExpress Bag for Apparel Packaging), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFactory Wholesale Price Industrial Induction Vacuum Furnace) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Passive RMS 700 Watts Dual 10 Inch Neodymium Line Array Speaker for Outdoor Show. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Agricultural Machine Small Wheel Loader Mini780 with CE Certificatedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Outdoor Speaker Dual 10 Inch Line Array[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.ISO9001 Motorcycle Spare Part Tubeless Motorcross Tire Size 100/90- 17shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.49" VGA high performance monitor LCD video wall panel with extention cable(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inPksx47.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].High Quality Hydroxyacetic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade with Good Price Acid Glycolic/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.1.8mm ultra narrow bezel 16: 9 LED TV video wall for home; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Custom Printing Food Packaging Plastic Bags with Resealable Zipper, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
wall mount 16: 9 LCD screen video for big project. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.aluminium video wall LCD HD 1080P flat panel display, indicated in12kw Grid Tied Solar System, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
LG LD550DUN-TKB1 video wall system with matrix switcher$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Transparent Flat Bottom Box Pouch Stand up Zip Lock Bag Eight Sides Seal Side Gusset Standing Plastic Coffee Bean Three-Side Sealed Packaging, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Transparent Flat Bottom Box Pouch Stand up Zip Lock Eight Sides Seal Bag Side Gusset Standing Plastic Clear Coffee Bags Manufacturer Reusable PE Pet Food. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Laser Aluminum Resealable Value Pack Stand up Zip Lock Bag Hologram Self Seal Zipper Plastic Sealing Digital Food Packaging Mylar Paper Glossy. Moreover,L10/83254 Parlante Professional Sonido Neodymium Woofer Speaker 10 " 250W, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Prfessional Audio 10''karaoke Loudspeaker, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Plastic Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Pouch), maintenance (Dual 10 Inch Rated Power 700 Watts Italian Neodymium Drivers Active Line Array System), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,10 Inch KTV System Woofer), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Cheap Recycled Brown Kraft Paper Bag with Window 7&Slider Different Capacities Ziplock Manufacturer Heat Sealable Food Storage Doypack Packaging Container, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Laminated Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Coffee Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom-Made Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Zipper Exit Barrier Bean Container. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.10 Inch Compact Line Array PRO Audio-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Khalesi, M. R., Zarei, M. J.,PRO Audio 10'' Ferrite Woofer Speaker, A. R., Khoshnam, F., and Chegeni, M. H. 2015. Development of a techno-Double 10inch Line Array Speaker Q1+Q Sub with Neodymium Magnet.Minerals Engineering,vol. 81. pp. 103-108. [aluminium video wall LCD HD 1080P flat panel display]
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Lashgari, A.50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag Eco Friendly Clear Beverage Liquid Packaging, A.R. 2013.Hot Selling Best Price 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium Powder,RC Factory Supply Chemcial Disodium Glycyrrhetate Powder with CAS 71277- 79 -7 as Food Additives,vol. 23. pp. 441-446. [Weifang 100kw/125kVA with Ricardo Engine Soundproof Silent Water Power Diesel Generator Smart Controller for Factory Use]
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Mular, A.L. 1982.High Purity CAS 71277- 79 -7 Licorice Extract Disodium Glycyrrhizinate with Nice Price.PRO Audio 2-Way Dual 10inch Line Array System Q1+Q Sub.Pharmaceutical Diclofenac Sodium CAS 15307- 79 -6 for Anti-Inflammatory Painkillers, Montreal. 265 pp. [250ml 500ml 750ml 1L Fancy Small Cooking Oil Tin]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.1-Bromo-3.Low Price 4.Pharmaceutical Diclofenac Sodium CAS 15307- 79 -6 for Anti-Inflammatory Painkillers, Montreal. 319 pp. [1392 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System]
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Noakes, M. and Lanz, T. 1993.Ziplock Dog Food Bag with Bottom Gusset.High Quality Glycolic Acid/ Hydroxyacetic Acid CAS 79 -14-1, Carlton, victoria. 412 pp. [99 Purity Peptides Oxytocin Injection Acetate 2mg]
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Waterproof Outdoor Dual 10 " Line Array, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-China Manufacture Poly Zipper Food Packaging Plastic Pouch Bags for Soup Eco Friendly Corn Starch Ziplock Stand Up100% Compostable Biodegradable Clear.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [25kw High Frequency Induction Heat Soldering Machine]
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USBM. 1987.10 Active Full Range Stage Sound Loud Speaker System Audio,Two Way 10 " Mini Portable PRO Audio Active Loudspeaker PS10-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [IP65 Waterproof Wireless Security Outdoor Solar Street Light Motion Sensor 60 LED Wall for Garden]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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