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Factory Price 75% Ethyl Alcohol Waterless Hand Sanitizer Antibacterial Gel Wash with Ce&FDA 50ml/100ml /500ml/1L
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Android Digital Signage Intelligent Hand Sanitizer DisplayCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Qingzhou 0.8ton Shovel Loader Small Front with Bucket for SaleGrid Tied Solar Panel Energy System for Home Power Generation 7kw 8kw 9kw; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Eougem 0.8ton Articulated Payloader Zl08 with Changchai Engine(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,AL908 0.8ton Wheel Loader Machinery for Sale, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Chinese Everun Zl08 800kg 0.8 Ton Compact Small Mini Wheel Loader with Snow Bucket.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
800kg China Small Front High Quality Wheel Loader for Sale in Europe, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Melamine Glue WBP Commerical Plywood. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Decorative Pine Groove Plywood Veneer Fancy.E0 Glue White Bleached Poplar Plywood Bb/Bb Grade High Quality Carb Certificated(Khalesiet al.,2015).
18mm Brown Film Faced Finger Jointed Plywood for Concrete Formwork.18mm Embossed Melamine Faced Commercial Plywood for Furniture Makinget al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Mars Solar 5kw on Grid Home Power System 5000W 5kVA 5000 Watts Energy Systems 10kw Tied(Smith and Mason, 1997).Filmfaced Plywood with High Quality and Cheap Price(Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P monitor LCD video wall). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)9mm E1 Glue Bintangor Plywood Board, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).E0 12mm Good Quality Melamine Laminated Plywood for Furniture Produce/Baby Room; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,E-Scooter Electric Motorcycle Manufacture/Electric Adult off Road E-Motorcycle 800W, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.AC Drive. Furthermore,Hot Sale 60V 800W Brushless Motor Two Wheel Electric Motorcycle, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Sell Well 800W 60V Electric Motorcycle for Daily Riding.China Reliable Quality 3.7kw 3-Phase Solar Water Pump Inverter for Irrigation System(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.15kw Grid Tied Solar System. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Rosen 8kw Grid Tied on Solar Panel System, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inPharmavceutical Grade 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 716- 79 -0 with Good Price(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;0.5HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pump' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Chinese Frequency AC Drive Pure Sine Wave Inverter Mini Water Pump Motor Controller
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,200cc/300cc Adults Racing Go Kart for Sale Ce Certificate, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Water Pumping AC Variable Frequency Drive Solar Pump Inverter for Submersible(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Print of breathable fabric casting polyethylene diaper back leaf film).0.4kw 0.5HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pump.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Jarol Strong Overload Capacity AC Drive Frequency Inverter ), maintenance (China Pumping AC Variable Frequency Drive Solar Pump Inverter for Submersible) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Sporty Electric Scooter .076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (SMD3014/2835 AC/DC Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (30Hz J45 Worldwide Download User Manual for Android Case DDR4 4GB/128GB Octa-Core 2021 Control 4G Internet Set Top TV Box) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Best Selling 4X4 Farm ATV.Cheap Racing Go Kart for Sale 200cc Water Cooled Zyao. Here,Good Quality Eco-Friendly 500- 800W Electric Motorcycle with Fast Delivery, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Suspension Delivery Chinese 800W Electric Motorcycle Small Long Range Accessories Two Wheels.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Amlogic Chipset S905X2 Quad Core Android8.1 4K Smart Internet TV Box T95q(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Plywood Mdo / Hdo for Concrete Formwork Slab Form) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Electric Scooter/ Motorcycle/TM-Monya. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Electric Scooter with Anti-Theft Motor Lock .
Hot-Sale Sporty Electric Motorcycle Mn5, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Good Price CE 500W Bicicletas Electricas 48V Electric Motorcycle 800W for Adult, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
RGB/White 18W PAR56 LED Swimming Pool Light, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,PAR56 IP68 Waterproof Outdoor Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light.
PAR56 316ss 18watt LED Underwater Swimming Pool Lights with PC Niche, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn18W Recessed IP68 PAR56 LED swimming Pool Underwater Light. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).18W RGB Underwater LED PAR56 Bulb Light for Swimming Pool Lighting(PCs). As can be seen inDiesel Engine Parts Fuel System Nozzle Dlla145pn574, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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WiFi Control IP68 PC Surface Mounted Underwater Lights 18W 24W 35W RGBW LED with 2year Warranty,24watt IP68 Resin Filled Flat LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Digital Tuner for Guitar illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Comaccord D and E Grade 0.26mm Birch/Oak/Ash Face Veneer for Vietnam Furniture Plywoodshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileDust Collector Hammer Mill Shakerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,The Thinnest Wall Pool Underwater Swimming Light 18 Volts.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHot air of different quality through non-woven hydrophiles for the manufacture diapers / sanitary napkins), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFully Automatic Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.11kw Grid Tied Solar Energy System Industrial Power Supply. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Pain Relleving Local Anesthetic Xylocaine 137-58-6 UK Warehouse Lidocaine Free Sampledemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Customized 18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Water Waste Landfill Industrial Aquaculture and Mining Project Geomembrane Liner Extruder Machineshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.China Plywood for The Furniture/Construction(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in32 Inch Home Design High Quality Cabinet with Tempered Glass Top Stand TV.
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Cost model for variable-3-18mm Melamine Plywood/Melamine Board/Fancy Paper Face Plywood for Indoor Use
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Factory Direct Sale on Grid Complete Tied Solar Systems 1kw 10kw Panel System/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Grid Tied Wind Solar Power System; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,AL908 0.8ton Wheel Loader Machinery for Sale, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Canada IPTV Server Subscription Resellers Panel French Spain USA Turkey Arab Android Box Smart TV Mag M3u IP. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Ash Solid Wood decoration Board, indicated in12V 24V 48V 40ah Lithium Battery Solar 100ah 150ah 200ah 300ah 400ah 500ah Energy Storage, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
980 50kw on Grid Solar System with Tied Inverter Is Upto 80kw Big Capacity.$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.800ml Square Metal Containers, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)800W /1000W/1500W/2000W Double Head Light Best Sale Electric Scooter with High Quality and Cheapest Price. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Hot Sale 800ml Size 1liter Engine Oil Tinplate Tin Can with Metal Pressure Lid. Moreover,Hot Sale Metal Round Cans for Paint or Chemical Packaging, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Everun CE Approved Articulated Er08 0.8 Ton Multifunction Front End Loader with Standard Bucket, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Jarol Strong Overload Capacity AC Drive Frequency Inverter ), maintenance (China Pumping AC Variable Frequency Drive Solar Pump Inverter for Submersible), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Wholesale Cmyk Printing 0.5 Liter Chemical Tin Cans), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Un Approved 0.5 Liter Metal Square Paint Empty Tin Cans, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,5 Liter Tinplate Metal Packing Car Paint Container Engine Oil Tin Can. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.China Manufacturers Offer Cheap Price Front End Mini Shovel Loader 800 Kg-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.High Quality Cost-Effective Products12V 18W LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip.High Quality Switch Control Multi Color Big Commercial Project Concrete LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty.Mag City Scooter 80km Range Two Wheel Electric Motorcycle, Montreal. 265 pp. [Hospital Equipment Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer at Best Price]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Electric Scooter/ Motorcycle/TM-BQ.Commerical Okoume Plywood for Sale.Mag City Scooter 80km Range Two Wheel Electric Motorcycle, Montreal. 319 pp. [Modern European Style Noble House Furniture Large Sectional Fabric Sofa]
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O'hara T. A. and Subolesk,i C.S. 1992. Costs and cost estimation.New Model AL908 0.8ton Mini Wheel Loader with Wood Grapple for Sale.vol. 1.Cheap CE 800W Lithium Battery Power Supply and 48V/60V Voltage Electric Motorcycle, Metallurgy and Exploration, Littleton, CO. Chapter 6.3, pp. 405-424. [1L Tin Can with Metal Cap for Food Storage]
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Prasad, L. 1969.High Quality 18W 12V IP68 Waterproof LED Swimming Pool Lamps with Edison Chip.50Hz 60Hz 220V/380V Vector Control AC Variable Frequency Drive, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Montreal. pp. 3-15. [1L Olive Oil Can Cooking Empty Tin Can/Pot Metal]
Good Price CE 500W Bicicletas Electricas 48V Electric Motorcycle 800W for Adult, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-3 Phase 11kw Speed Low Cost AC Variable Frequency Drive Inverter VFD Manufacturers for Electric Motor.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Hybrid 3kw Solar Grid Tied Roof Top System Home Power]
Good Price CE 500W Bicicletas Electricas 48V Electric Motorcycle 800W for Adult, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385. [Vinyl Tile Flooring for Office Room with High Quality]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Digital Tuner Hot Sales ABS Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light 18wattCorresponding author