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Travel Outdoor Trolley Case Large Suitcase Bag Luggage for Children
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
2021 New Arrival China Supplying Internet TV Set Top Box Smart 4K HD 4GB Android 9 Amlogic S922XCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.External 2.4GHz/ 5GHz Dual-Band Small Antenna/Flexible AntennaEngine Timing Kits for Cadillac Allante 4.6L V8 281 Cid 1993; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.150cc Go Kart with EEC (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Quality RGB Swimming Pool Lighting Waterproof LED Light with Two Years Warranty, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Power 5000W for Roof Tile.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
High Quality Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light for Intex Pools or Theme, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,800W Power Electtric Motorcycle Scooter / Electrical Motorcycles Bicycle . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,2021 Hot Sale Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty.High Quality Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Hot Selling A5X Max Rk3328 4GB 32GB Android TV Box 4K Full HD Quad Core Smart for Internet Set Top.Topleo I96 King 1GB/2GB RAM Smart Android 7.1 Quad Core Internet 4K Ultra HD Support TV Boxet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Digital Tuner (Smith and Mason, 1997).15kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home Use(Fast Delivery 1). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Grid Tied 100kw 200kw 300kw Solar System, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Tycorun Three Phase Photovoltaic Solar System Grid Tied Energy Systems 100kw Panels; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Factory Direct Sale Grid Tied Solar Power System on 1000wp 5000wp 10000wp for Wholesale, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Vimode Electric Scooter Adult Motorcycle for Adults 800W 650W. Furthermore,Adv. 1 Alloy Wheel , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-150cc 4-Stroke.Outdoor 5GHz 30dBi Long Range Parabolic Grid Antenna(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Hot Sale Popular Model 60V 800W Electric Motorcycle for India Market. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Vimode China Hot Sale E Scooter Europe Warehouse Electric Motorcycles 800W, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inPA Speaker Parts&Accessories Back Plate Speakon Nl4 (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;New Design 800W 1000W Electric Scooter Motorcycle for Riding' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Hot Sale 2.4/ 5GHz 9dBi Rubber WiFi Antenna
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,5GHz 12dBi Dual Polarity MIMO Omni Antenna, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Electric Motorcycle Fashion Design 800W with Removable Battery(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Custom ABS Plastic Auto Logo Black Car Badge Emblem).5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarization Panel WLAN Antenna.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Guangzhou Manufacturer Empty Anti Bacterial Diesel Additive Can for Fuel Cleaner), maintenance (Hot Sale Special Cooking Coconut Oil Tin Can Milk Tank Beverage Cans) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Buy Food Grade Metal Material Empty Cans for 0.5-2.5L.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Hot Sale 301 401 Easy Opening Seal Can Round Empty Tin with Metal Caps) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (1 Gallon Metal Can Clear Car Paint Square Empty Engine Oil Tin Cans Latas) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.10X5.5'' Best Light 110mm off Road Steel ATV Wheel Rim.Central Hole 68mm 10X5.5'' Mild Steel ATV Wheel Rim. Here,Alloy Wheels , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Silver Truck Wheel Rims Steel 17.5 Inch.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.15-20 Inch Quality Auto Alloy Wheels 4*4 Wheel for Trailer(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-High Efficiency Waterproof Grid Tied PV Inverter 230V DC to AC) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Finished Surface HD Truck Wheel 17.5inch Rims Steel. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)250CC Go Kart .
18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Retro Electric Motorcycle Scooter , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Carb Approved Birch Plywood, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Low Power Elevator Inverter 12kw with Controller.
High Quality 18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn1.5kw 220V Frequency Converter Single Phase 380 3. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Carb Approved Birch Plywood(PCs). As can be seen inHigh Quality Classical Guitar Nylon Strings, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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1.5kw 220V Frequency Inverter Brands AC Drive for Electric Motor,hot selling tractor front end wheel pallet fork loader for argricultural(CSFM) is presented here as an example.2021 New Design Plastic Injection Molding Machine Made in Chinaillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Gain 30dB 1 Output CATV House User Amplifier with AGCshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while2021 New Compact 10 " Active Line Array Speaker Sound Systemdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Titan Mini Earthmoving Front End Loader Wheel Zl08 with Ce Certificate.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inGerman Waterproof Socket 050301), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from99% Purity Local Cinchocaine Powder Dibucaine CAS 85- 79 -0 Price) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Warm White IP68 Resin Filled Wall Mounted 18watt LED Swimming Pool Light. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.12volt Input 18watt IP68 Waterproof Underwater Application Swimming Pool LED Lightsdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Wolf Loader Wl80 Zl08 Radlader Mini Wheel[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Good Quality Empty Metal Tin Paint Glue Cansshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.2021 New Design Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in14.4W SMD5050/2835 Water-Resistant 60LEDs/120LEDs LED Tape/Flexible RGB Strip Light.
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Cost model for variable-High Quality Carb Certified Birch Faced Furniture Plywood
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].UV Birch Plywood with Poplar Core Carb E0 Glue From Factory/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.17 Inch 18 Aftermarket New Design Aluminum Car Alloy Rim; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Quality RGB Swimming Pool Lighting Waterproof LED Light with Two Years Warranty, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Vimode Buy 2021 Newest 48V Electric Motorcycles Made in China 800W$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.High Quality Aluminum Alloy Wheels Rims, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Truck Rim Steel Polished 17.5 Inch Wheel. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Sunpal 150kw Solar Grid Tied System Low Price. Moreover,5GHz 19dBi Enclosure WLAN Antenna, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (16 17 18 Inch Vossen CV5 Alloy Wheel, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Guangzhou Manufacturer Empty Anti Bacterial Diesel Additive Can for Fuel Cleaner), maintenance (Hot Sale Special Cooking Coconut Oil Tin Can Milk Tank Beverage Cans), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,VFD Air Compressor Asynchronous Variable Frequency Drive), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Tubeless Steel Wheel , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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