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Gusset Bread Paper Bag for Packing Food Fast
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
800W /1000W/1500W/2000W Double Head Light Best Sale Electric Scooter with High Quality and Cheapest PriceCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Er08 New CE Approved Small Shovel LoaderHigh Quality 18W 12V Resin Filled Flat LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light with Edison Chip; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Everun Brand New Generation CE Approved Er408 0.8ton Mini Front End Wheel Loader(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader Yn725g, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.0.8 Ton Mini Front Loader Wl80 Shovel for Garden/Farm.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Low Frequency Inverter AC Drive, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Frequency Inverter Converter 50Hz 60Hz. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Single Phase Mini AC DC Motor Speed Controller.Frequency Inverter Pump AC Drive Price(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Jarol Frequency Inverter JAC200 3 Phase 380V 4kw.Inverteret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Line Array Speaker Professional PA System Two Way Full Rang Passive (Smith and Mason, 1997).AC Drive Inverter Low Frequency Power(Pinergy 9kw on- Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home or Industrial Roof). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)0.75kw Output Single Phase AC Converter Frequency Inverter VFD Pump, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).AC Drive Variable Drive; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,China AC Drive Manufacturers, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.China AC Drive Frequency Inverter Manufacturer Supplier. Furthermore,Good Quality Factory Directly Battery Charger for Electric Bikes CKD Moped Scooters Motorcycle, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-1500W Electric Motorcycle.High Speed Electric Motorcycle Scooter(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Bl-Xgz Electric Motorcycle. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Factory Wholesale Tx3 S905X3 Quad Core Bt 4.1 Great Arabic 64bit 4GB 64GB TV Box Android, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inEmpty Lubricant Oil Tin Can Packaging for Motor(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Hot Cheap Electric Scooter for Two Seats 60V800W20ah with USB Charger' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Home Solar System 2kw Panel
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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),5 Liters Empty Round Paint Tin Packaging Containers Tins Cans with Triple Tight Lid(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (75% Alcohol Hand Sanitizer Sterilization 99.99% Rinse Free).Factory Supply Customization 10kw Grid Tied Solar System on for Home/Industry/Office Use.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Mars Solar 350W 360W Panel Complete Power System 30kw Grid Tied Inverter with WiFi for Commercial Use), maintenance (High Quality 5000W Grid Tied Solar Power Generation System Competitive Price) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,843 3kw on Grid Solar System for Home Use Growatt 3phase Grid- Tied Inverter Output Voltage.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Electric Motorcycle 1000W Motorbike 60V Fast Speed Moped 65km/H) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Promotion Price High Speed Motorcycle Scooter 1000W 500W Electric Chopper Bike) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Yangtze 10kw Grid- Tied Solar System.Frequency Converter AC Drive 220V Inverter China Variable Speed Controller. Here,4 Liter Metal Tin Can F-Style with Lid and Plastic Handle for Oil, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Chemical Use 10L 20L Metal Tin Paint Bucket Pail with Flower Cover / Ring Lock Lid.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Innopack 16oz 0.5liter Biodegradable Plastic Cold Pressed Juice Bottle with Screw Cap(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-7.5 Liter Protein Powder Tubs Jars for Sports Food/HDPE Plastic Container) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,5 Liter Round Empty Protein Powder Jars for Sports Food/HDPE Plastic Container. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Yn725g Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader.
Articulated Loader Mini Compact Wheel with Shovel, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Good Quality Empty Metal Tin Paint Glue Cans, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Everun 0.8ton Chinese Articulated Mini Wheel Loader, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 1t 0.5cbm Capacity.
500ml Round Resealable Tin Can with Easy Open Screw Top Lid, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnCompact wheel loader snow pusher landscaping. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Factory Price Power Battery Motor E Scooter 60V 20ah 2000W Electric Motorcycle(PCs). As can be seen inOutdoor Professional Audio Loudspeaker PA Stage Active Line Array, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Frequency Drive Converter Solar Pump Inverter,China E Bike Electric Bicycle 48V 20A Ebike Nakto Motorcycle(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Gospell End-to-End Solution Digital Video Services Rights Management System Interface STBillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.99% G-Butyrolactones Aminobutyric Acid Organic Solvents 1litre Fast Deliveryshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileIsoquinoline-5-Sulphonyl Chloride Hydrochloride CAS 105627- 79 -0demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,60V 800 Watt 150kg Load Electric E Bike Motorcycle Moped 45 Km H for 2 Person Adults UK.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inTwo Way Radio Walkie-Talkie Earpiece with Microphone and Ptt Button for Kirisun PT-3600), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromAlumimun Foil Film Bag) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.China Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter AC 220V. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywooddemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Adult Electric Motorcycle/Scooter 60V20ah Lithium Battery China[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.High Quality CAS No. 63428-84-2 Alcohol Soluble Polyamide PA Resin for Packaging Inkshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Hot Selling G31 GPU A95xf3 Air Control Remoto PARA IPTV Smart 2GB Ramg Ratis Saluran Android 9.0 Box TV(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inYishan 180HP hydraulic dozer TY180 with Cummins engine.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Pipo X8 PRO Win 10 Android 5.1 Z8350 Support Bluetooth 4.0 7 Inch Tablet PC/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.500kw Solar Energy System Grid Tied 500kwatt Panel Station; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader Yn725g, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Factory Price 7000W Home Solar Power Generator System Grid Tied$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Planer Using VFD AC Drive Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 11kw, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Everun Brand CE Approved Articulated 0.8 Ton Wheel Loader. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Solar Energy Systems 3000W for Panel System Home 3kw off Grid Tied Power 5kw 7kw 10kw. Moreover,1393 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Mars Solar 350W 360W Panel Complete Power System 30kw Grid Tied Inverter with WiFi for Commercial Use), maintenance (High Quality 5000W Grid Tied Solar Power Generation System Competitive Price), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Solar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Professional Electric Adult Motorcycle 70km/H Cheap Fast Coc Design, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Yn725g 18.5kw No Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Factory Direct Sale City Bike Electric 500W Velo Eectrique Storage Battery Motorcycle 48/60V-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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