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vol.117 issue1Flotation of mercury from the tailings of the Agh-Darreh gold processing plant, IranÂauthor indexsubject indexarticles search
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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â

GENERAL PAPERS

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran


SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.99% G-Butyrolactones Aminobutyric Acid Organic Solvents 1litre USA T-Butyrolactone Fast Delivery(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Overseas Warehouse Fast Delivery Organic Chemicals , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.China Ethyl 2-Bromovalerate Liquid CAS 615-83-8.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.


Introduction

Supply Procaine Hydrochloride China Top Factory Supplier Base Manufacturer Aoks, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Factory Supply Ethyl Valerate CAS 539-82-2. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Organic Chemicals Pharmaceutical Intermediate .Niche Supply USP Grade Local Anesthetic Sensorcaine Powder Bupivacaine CAS: 14252-80-3(Khalesiet al.,2015).

4'' Installation Professional Waterproof Speaker.Professsional Audio Professional Line Array Musical Instrument Systemet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for High Quality 18W 12V Resin Filled Flat LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light with Edison Chip(Smith and Mason, 1997).Vera12 Single 12" The Most Economical Line Array Sound System(Line Array of Parts for PRO Audio Speaker). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)180W Professional Speaker Coaxial Single 8" Two-Way Surround PC820, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).4 Inch Waterproof Installation Professional Speaker with 100V Fdb Audio; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Alu. Speaker Mount Wall Bracket , the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Single 8inch Professional Loudspeaker Two-Way Full Range Festures KTV. Furthermore,High Quality 8'' Coaxial Audio Speaker for Long Throw Distance, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Wall Mount Speaker Bracket .Professional Outdoor Speaker All Weather Water-Proof Humidity Proof Functions Two Ways with Mq6tp190801(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Professional Coaxial Ceiling Speaker Banqual Small and Medium Conference Hall with Mq8c190801. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Waterproof Loudspeaker Wall Mounter 8inch Lt208/Lt208t, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inMedrogestone Top Quality Low Price 977- 79 -7(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Wireless PA System for Classroom and Church' names:

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Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Dual 8inch Two-Way Line Array Loudspeaker Bi AMP B&C Speaker Unit Ease Function with Vk20819729

Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,All-Weather Compact 2-Way Coaxial Loudspeaker with 6" Lf, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Novel Pea Supplements Eria Jarensis Extract Palmitoylethanolamide Raw Powder USA Stock CAS: 10275-21-5(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Bone China Mug of Mkb172).Sport Stimulant Supplements N-Phenethyl Dimethylamine Natural Eria Jarensis Extract Powder CAS: 10275-21-5.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Compact Two-Way 8''inch 100V/16-Ohm Loudspeaker with Multi-Tap Transformer), maintenance (Speaker PS10) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,30W PA Active Computer 5.1 System Inexpensive Speaker.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Steel Speaker Cabinet Top Hat with M20 Thread Inside ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Big Subwoofer Line Array Speaker ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Ts218 Dual 18" Speakers Subwoofer Speaker Box.Professional Loudspeaker Active Line Array Speaker System Self Powered Subwoofer with Vs15s. Here,Two-Way Full Range 1000W Professional Power Speaker, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-CAS No.: 67-63-0 Ipa 99.9%/ Isopropyl Alcohol Isopropanol 99.9% Used for Pharmaceutical.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Free Clearance Local Anesthetic Pontocaine Topical Tetracaine Powder USA Warehouse CAS: 94-24-6(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-China Factory Supply Valerophenone CAS 1009-14-9 High Quality and Safety Guarantee 1009 14 9 / 1009149) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Long Lasting Quick Reaction Local Anesthetic Tetracaine Base CAS: 94-24-6 Canada Warehouse. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)CAS No.: 67-63-0 Ipa 99.9%/ Isopropyl Alcohol Isopropanol 99.9% Used for Pharmaceutical.

Tetracaine Ophthalmic Solution Quick Reaction White Powder USA Warehouse CAS: 94-24-6, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Single 5"Two-Way Full-Range Loudspeaker Small Scale Indoor with Tx5c, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

High Qualty Line Array Loudspeaker, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,DSP Active Line Array Speaker.

Neodymium 12inch 932lap Professional Powered DSP Line Array Speaker, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn8in 8out Professional DSP Matrix Digital Audio Processors with Dp-0808date20. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).New Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx1220(PCs). As can be seen inFactory Provide Top Quality L-Carnitine Fumarate 99% 90471- 79 -7, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Recording Studio Equipment Vera Series Super Power Speaker Box,New Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx620(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Titan Brand 0.8 Ton Farm Garden Use Mini Smalll Wheel Loader for Saleillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Nitrogen Fertilizer N21% Min Ammonium Sulphate White Granularshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileBlue Masterbatch for Filmdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Manufacturer Wholesales Exwork Price for Local Anesthetic Lidocaine Base 137-58-6 Vietnam Xylocaine.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in75% Ethanol Alc. Refill Anti-Microbial Germicidal Hand Sanitizer Gel), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromMotorcyle for Both Oil and Water Cooling) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Line Array Horn of Professional Audio 170L*160W*140h 1" . The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.China Factory Supply Good Quality Polyamide Resin PAdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Single 18'' Low Frequency Sub-Bass[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.China Inverter Manufacturer 3 Phase Power Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz AC Driveshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Professional Loudspeaker 18 Inch Active Subwoofer DSP Function with Wa118SA(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHigh Performance Germany Ipg Fiber Laser Cutting Machine.

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Cost model for variable-Outdoor PRO Audio Loudspeaker

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Doule 8'' Mini Line Arry Loudspeaker/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Waterproof Loudspeaker Wall Mounter 15inch Mq-15cp; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Overseas Warehouse Fast Delivery Organic Chemicals , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Professional Audio Speaker Column Sound Equipment$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Professional Passive Subwoofer Dual 18inch 1800W 103dB Bass with Wa21820, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Srx715 Sing 15" Professional Speaker. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Aclon DSP3500 Professional DJ Sound Speakers DSP Powered Line Array. Moreover,Small Column White Color Church Conference Room Speaker, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Arc Shaped Column Speaker for Restaurant and Shopping Mall, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Compact Two-Way 8''inch 100V/16-Ohm Loudspeaker with Multi-Tap Transformer), maintenance (Speaker PS10), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Peq-18SD1 18'' Bass Reflex Active Powerful Subwoofer), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Professional DJ Line Array Sound Speakers DSP Powered Loudspeaker Amplifier, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R2,Theater Professional Line Array Speaker. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.15' Water-Proof Installation Long-Throw Speaker with 100V Transformer-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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