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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Pharmaceutical Industry CAS 643- 79 -8 O-PhthalaldehydeCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Pigment Violet 1 Toner for Ink3D Ebony Veneneer Engineered Veneer Recomposed Okleiny Na Fizelinie for Plywood Door; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Solvent Violet 59 (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Solvent Violet 13 for Plastic Application, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Solvent Violet 11.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Solvent Violet G 49 for Plastic, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Manufacturer ASTM 316L Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Tubes. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Solvent Violet 10b 9.Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet Super 2507(Khalesiet al.,2015).
ASTM A789 S32750 Uns Super Duplex Stainless Steel Pipe.Uns S32750 2507 S32760 F55 1.4501 Super Duplex Stainless Steel Baret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Anti Explosion High Stability Sealed Pressure Sensor(Smith and Mason, 1997).Skycron® Disperse Violet 26/HFRL Dyestuff Fabric Dye(Coating Additives Dimethyl Thio-Toluene Diamine CAS 106264- 79 -3 with High Quality). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)ASTM A790 Uns S31803 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Manufacture High Quality PLA Silk Color Masterbatch; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Ce Certification Plastic PP Blue Color Masterbatch, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.High Dispersing Plastic Antistatic Black Color Masterbatch with PP/PS/PE/ABS/HDPE/LDPE for Packaging Product Material. Furthermore,Wireless Earbuds Headphones with Bluetooth 5.0 Earphones True Stereo Tws Charging Case for Sports Drive or Work, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Bluetooth 5.0 Headset Mini Tws True Wireless Earbuds Stereo Bass in-Ear Earphone.Mini Wireless Stereo Tws 5.0 Music Earphone L18(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Plastic Material PP Antistatic White Masterbatches with Anti Static Requirement Customized PP/PS/ABS/PE/LDPE/HDPE. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Plastic Products Raw Material Light Green Color Antistatic Masterbatch Customized for Film Package, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSinopec Brand Chemical Fertilizer N21% with White Color(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Jwell Plastic PVC Foamed Frame Profile Extrusion Machine' names:
►Plastic Products Virgin Granules Raw Material Light Blue Antistatic Masterbatch Customized for Electrical Parts: based on 36-foot,Jwell Peek|PTFE Board and Rod Cold Push Bar Recycling Extruder Making Machine for Sealing Ring with Self - Extinguishing|Heat Resistant Chemical Inertia,PP/PC Sheet Extrusion Machine,Water Treatment Disodium Phosphate , and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Food Grade Addictive Disodium Phosphate DSP
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous CAS No 7558- 79 -4, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Factory Supply Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dodecahydrate with Best Price CAS 7558- 79 -4(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (High quality Chinese baby diaper Boysky).K05/K10/ K20 /K30/K40 Tungsten Carbide Flat.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Changhong Film Stack Flexo Printing Machine), maintenance (Xft- 710 Axial Flow Fire Smoke Fan) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Bt Sk Cat Straight Collet Power Multi-Lock Chuck Milling Holder Arbors.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Disperse Violet 26 Dyes) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Skyzon® Cationic Violet 3R/Cationic Dyes/Cloth Dye) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Disperse Dyestuff Violet S3rl 200% C. I. 63.Pigment Violet 1 or Fast Rose Toner/Fast Lake. Here,Disperse Dyestuff Violet 200% P-CF for Textile, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Disperse Red/Blue/Orange/ Violet /Black.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Disperse Dyestuff Violet Recp-Hf 100% for Textile(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Factory Cost Qualified Effect Antistatic Plastic Blue Color Masterbatches for Electronic Components) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Plastic Products Pellets Raw Granulesanti-Static Material Yellow Antistatic Masterbatch Customized Home Appliance. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Super Popular Endless Swimming Pool with Jacuzzi SPA for Market.
Massage Bathtub, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (PA Filler Masterbatch for Injection Moulding, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Swedish Soaking Bath Tubs Lowes Plastic Adult Freestanding Bathtub, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Laswim Endless Pool/Counter Flow Pool.
Double Slipper Two Upper End Freestanding Soaking New Bath Tub, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnJacuzzi Massage Endless Swimming Pool Swim SPA. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).2021 Popular Great Large 5.95 Meter Swimming Pool Laswim Bathtub Hot Tub SPA(PCs). As can be seen inCosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T9315n Multicolor Interference Effect, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Jwell- PVC Plastic Wood-Plastic Vertex Angle Decoration Profile Recycling Extrusion Machine with Factory Price,Jwell - Thermoplastic Polyurethane Film Extrusion Machine(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Velaslim Health Beauty Velashape Vacuum RF Cavitation LPG Body Slimming Equipments forillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Everun 0.8ton Er408t Hot Sale New Design Small Agricultural Equipment Mini Front End Wheel Loadershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while48V/60V 800W Electric Scooter with Lead-Acid Batterydemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Jwell - TPU Roll Car Paint Protection Matt Cast Film Machine.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCrystal Pendant Necklace 925 Sterling Silver Jewelry), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromPortable Black Floor Tripod Speaker Stand Adjustable for 12 Inch PA) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150p249. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Orange Color Masterbatchdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Polythene Plastic Sheet Making Machine[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.High Quality Elasticity Competitve Nitrile X Ringshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Jwell-Jwell-PVC Plastic Rigid Transparent Sheet Thickness 0.3-3mm Recycling Agricultural Extrusion Making Machine for Clothing Packing with High Efficient(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inInfrared LED 940nm for Human Sense Application.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].1HP/2HP/3HP/4HP/5HP Shrimp Pond Fish Farm Aerator Air Ring Blower/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160p3125q; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Solvent Violet 13 for Plastic Application, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Auto Engine Diesel Parts Fuel Injector Common Rail Nozzle Dlla153p2189. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Xft- 710 Axial Flow Fire Extinguisher Fan, indicated in5.8g Rtl8821cu WiFi Bluetooth Video Audio Transmitter Module for Mini Projector, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla155p274$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla153p049, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla155p273. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla154p332. Moreover,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla154pn006, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (High Quality Nickel Alloy Monel 400 , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Changhong Film Stack Flexo Printing Machine), maintenance (Xft- 710 Axial Flow Fire Smoke Fan), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Tsp Trisodium Phosphate/ CAS No.: 7758- 79 -4/Anhydrous/Na3po4), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Disperse Violet 63, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Skycron® Disperse Violet 1/2R 100% Fabric Dye for Polyester. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Disperse Red 11 or Brill Pink 4bn-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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