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0805 Single Color Green Chip LED SMD with RoHS
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
for HP Laptop Mc06 11.1V 4400mAh 49wh Li-on Battery Envy M7-N000Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Frequency Converterlow Industrial Power InverterSingle 15 Inch PA Full Sound Systems Professional PRO Speaker; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.2370 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,China Electric Moped Motorcycle Sale for Adults Mobility E Scooter with Battery, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Three Phase 380V/ 0.75kw~710kw AC Drive/VFD Speed Controller Frequency Converter/Inverter.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 4kw, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Low Price B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Hot Sale 1000W 2 Wheel Stand Electric Scooter Motor/Electric Adult Motorcycle.Solar Pump Inverter Price Quality AC Drive Frequency Converter(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Good Quality Pine Wood Core Block Board with Okume Film.Hot Good Bulk Quality 60V800W20ah Electric Motor Scooter for Ladieset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 55 Optional Inch Outdoor Stand Double-Side Alone Digital Signage LCD Advertising Display(Smith and Mason, 1997).Al-Gw6 Fast Electric Motorcycle Speed 60km/H Kits(Large Size Spherical Roller Bearing 239/600 239/630 239/670 239/ 710 Ca Cc MB Cage Self-Aligning). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Titan Chargeuses Cheap Small Log China Mini Digger Loader with European Quick Hitch, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Chinese Factory Direct Supply Lithium Battery Electric Scooter LCD Display Motorcycle E-Scooter; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Cheap Chinese Moped Scooter with Lithium Battery Rechargeable Electric Motos Motorcycle, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.2021 Wuxi Best Selling New Type Racing Mobility Adults 2 Wheels Electric Motorcycles E Motos CKD Scooters. Furthermore,Grid Tied Solar Energy System 5kw 10kw 20kw 50kw 100kw 200kw 300kw 500kw, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-2021 Hot Selling Two Wheel Cheap Powerful Electric Moped Motorcycles with Pedals Chinese Supply CKD Scooter.Titan OEM New Type Qingzhou Loadefr Factory RC Avant Mini Wheel Loaders with Ce(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Zl08 0.8 Ton Garden Tractor Pay Loader 800kg Mini. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Titan Mini Loader 800kg New Front End Radloader with Spare Parts Best Shipping Agent Service, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inZl08 0.8t Articulated Front End Wheel Loader with Pallet Fork(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Wolf Shovel Loader E5 for Agriculture Work' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Cheap Price Zl08 0.8ton China Mini Articulated Hydraulic Front End Tractor Loaders
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Zl08f 0.8ton China Cheap Price Articulated Tractor Front Wheel Loader, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Factory Price Zl08 Mini Articulated Hydraulic Front End Farm Wheel Loader(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Shiny Swishy PU Synthetic Artificial Leather for Winter Coat Down Jacket Pants).Factory Supply OEM Support Mxq PRO Rockchip Rk3229 Android 7.1 TV Box.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Natural Okoume Venner 0.90mmx6X9FT), maintenance (All Sizes Good White Recon Veneer) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Dyed Natural Wood Veneer Oak Crown Cut for Hotel Decoration Shop Wall Kitchen Cabinet.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (15mm Pine Wood Core Block Board for Construction) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (The New Natural Mahogany Okoume Veneer) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Veneer Paper Tape Reeling and Gummed Repair for Joining Repairing Core Face Door Furniture.982 High Efficiency up to 99% on Grid Solar System 50kw Plants for Large Scale Commercial. Here,2021 Hot Selling Popular New Cool Type Cheaper Price Chinese Supplier 2 Wheels Electric Scooters E Motos Motorcycles, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Windows Mini PC Pipo X10 PRO Z8350 Chipset Smart TV Box Android 5.1 4G RAM 64G ROM.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.5 Liter Paint Tin Can with Customized Printing Plastic Handle(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-2 Liter Square Small Metal Tin Can for Paint with Handle and Lid) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,502 Alicosolar High Quality 30kw on Grid Solar System 30000W Power Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)2382 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use.
HK1 Smart TV Box Amlogic S905W Android 7.1 Quad Core 2GB 16GB, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Innopack 5L Paint Engine Oil Tin Can with Plastic Handle, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Innopack Food Grade Metal Tin Can for Edible Cooking Oil in Low Price, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Cheapest Price Mxq PRO Rk3229 4K Android TV Box 1GB 8GB Smart Set Top Download User Manual Firmware Update Wholesale Model.
Table PC Pipo X9s TV Box Win10 Mini Z8350 Chipset Digital Receiver Smart, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnWin10 TV Box Pipo X9s Z8350 Chipset 4G 64G Media Player Win Smart Digital Receiver. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Variable Speed Inverter China Frequency Converter AC(PCs). As can be seen in0.8ton Zl08f Small Wheel Loader, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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458 Alicosolar High Efficiency 10kw on Grid Solar System Kit Home with CE/TUV/ISO for Use,5kw Single Phase Home Grid Tied Solar Power System(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Enclosed Covered Tricycle with Wagonillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Innopack 5L Paint Engine Oil Tin Can with Plastic Handleshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHigh Quality Nylon Plated Classical Guitar Accessory Stringsdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Hot Sale 15kw Grid Tied Solar Photovoltaic Power System.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in43inch Interactive Smart Touch Table Coffee LCD Gaming for Children), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromGuangzhou Skytone Vera S18 18'' New Design Line Array Subwoofer) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.975 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory/House Roof. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.PA Speaker Horn for Stage 180L*180W*106h 1" demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Rosen 55kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.16 Years Agrochemical Manufacturer Pest Control Deltamethrin Low Priceshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Cheap Factory Price China Supplier 1000W Adult Electric Scooters/Electric Motorcycle for Sale(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inPP Airless Bottle for Cosmetic Packaging.
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Cost model for variable-Hot Cheap Electric Scooter 60V800W20ah for Adult From China
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Luxury 350W 2 Wheel Electric Bike Scooter/Electric Moped with Pedals Motorcycle Scooter/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Cheap Cute Electric Scooter with Foot Pedal 60V800W20ah From China; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,China Electric Moped Motorcycle Sale for Adults Mobility E Scooter with Battery, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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China Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.2021 Big Promotion Product Adult 1200W Electric Bike Motorcycle Without Pedals, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 200HP. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Factory Price Wholesale 4oz-32oz Empty PVC Glue Tin Can with Brush. Moreover,Okoume Veneer, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Luneng Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Natural Okoume Venner 0.90mmx6X9FT), maintenance (All Sizes Good White Recon Veneer), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Chinese Factory Tin Can with Brush for Glue and Sealants Adgesives), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Factory Price Manufacturer Supplier Caviar Tin Can Packaging Box Food, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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References
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Lashgari, A.4WD Wheel Loader Manufacture Small Radlader 1.0 Ton Mini780, A.R. 2013.Farm Machinery Zl08f Mini Wheel Loader with 4 in 1 Bucket,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin,vol. 23. pp. 441-446. [Elastic diapers for high-quality Bolivian babies]
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin.0.6mm----2mm AAA Grade White Poplar Wood Veneer for Plywood Usage.Chinese Suppliers B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer, Montreal. 265 pp. [Portable On-Site Pipe Tube Chamfering Chamfer Machine]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Wolf Baumaschinen Zl08 Radlader with Canopy.Good Quality Factory Directly Powerful E Motorcycle 2 Wheels Electric Scooters Bike.Chinese Suppliers B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer, Montreal. 319 pp. [4-20mA Diffused Silicon Micro Size Hygienic Pressure Transducer]
Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.Quarter Cut Ebano Makassar Chapa De Madera PARA Cocina Puerta.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [Vdf AC DC Drive Solar Power Inverter Converter Using for Tower Lift 250kw]
Noakes, M. and Lanz, T. 1993.0.25-1.0mm Hot Sale Natural Red Beech Veneer for Furniture.Farm Tractors Front End Loader Mini Small Ce Zl08 Wheel with Quick Hitch, Carlton, victoria. 412 pp. [Low Frequency Inverter AC Drive]
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O'hara T. A. and Subolesk,i C.S. 1992. Costs and cost estimation.Cute City Electric Scooter 600V800W14ah Lithium Battery for Adults.vol. 1.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, Metallurgy and Exploration, Littleton, CO. Chapter 6.3, pp. 405-424. [6speed 20inch Wheel Aluminum Alloy Folding Mountain Bike]
Pascoe, R.D. 1992. Capital and operating costs of minerals engineering plants:Natural Wood Veneer Oak /Cherry/Walnut MDF Board.Minerals Engineering,vol. 5, no. 8. pp. 883-893. [15HP Three Phase Frequency Converter]
Prasad, L. 1969.Zl08 0.8ton Mini Tractor Backhoe Front End Farm Wheel Loader Price List.Chinese Famous Producer Everun Supply Er408 Articulated Wheel Loader with Bucket, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Montreal. pp. 3-15. [High Purity Amino Acid L-Arginine Powder]
Innopack 5L Paint Engine Oil Tin Can with Plastic Handle, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-0.3mm Rotary Cut Red Wood Veneer.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Factory Price Everun Er08 800kg New CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader]
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USBM. 1987.Factory-Quater Cut Okoume Veneer /Mahogany in 0.50mm,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Wholesale Hip Hop Jewelry Sterling Silver Pave Diamond Screw Back Stud Earring]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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